抑制城市内涝的有效措施:雨水资源化

频繁发生的城市内涝灾害,成为城市建设管理工作中讫待解决的的重大问题。地面明流超量、城市大量蓄水场地被侵占、城市路面下渗能力降低是引发内涝的主要原因。城市雨水资源化是从雨水源头做起,增加雨水收集利用量,优化排蓄组合,增大渗透量。既有效地实现雨水资源化,又达到减排与缓排洪水流量,抑制城市内涝的目的。     

基于能值分析的苏州市城市生态系统可持续发展评估

本文利用能值分析的方法,分析了苏州城市生态系统的各种生态流,并建立了苏州城市生态系统可持续发展能值评价指标体系,评估其可持续发展程度,并对其能值指标的发展进行了预测。研究结果显示,2007年苏州市系统利用总能值达到616.71×1021sej,能值自给率仅为35.5%,环境负载率达到61.67。与其他国家和地区能值指标对比得出,苏州市是一个高度外向型生态经济系统,其系统的发展高度依赖于外界资源的输入,面对现在不稳定的世界经济发展和外部环境,苏州市必须加大系统自身的供给能力,提高系统自身的稳定性;发展循环经济,降低系统环境负载率;加强高科技和人才投入,提高系统可持续发展潜力。     

河西走廊星火产业带城市生态经济联系强度测算

随着社会经济发展和市场化、全球化的推进,城市在区域发展中的地位和作用日益加强,区域内部与区域之间生态经济联系更加密切与复杂。基于改进的万有引力模型,将城市生态系统服务价值引入区域生态经济联系系统,测算了河西走廊星火产业带城市间生态经济联系强度及隶属度。结果表明,产业带城市生态经济联系强度整体偏低,两极分化显著。     

北京市交通道路空气中NOx的污染现状及时空变化规律研究

基于2008年及2009年分4个季节对北京市3种类型道路（开阔型、交叉路口型和峡谷型）空气中的NOx的现场监测结果,分析了3种类型道路空气中NOx的污染现状和时空变化规律及影响因素。实验结果表明,昼间北京市各类型街道空气中NOx浓度呈早晚浓度高、中午浓度低的变化规律,NOx浓度随季节和车流量变化较明显。交通道路空气中NO占NOx的分担率高,且有较好的相关性,而NO2分担率较低,与NOx相关性较差。     

灰关联分析在城市生态安全评价中的应用

城市生态安全评价是实现城市环境管理、协调城市经济发展与生态环境保护,实现城市可持续发展的重要手段.城市生态系统是一个灰色系统,受自然、环境和社会经济等各方面因素影响.基于灰关联原理,运用层次分析法建立城市生态安全评价体系并确定各影响因素的权重; 结合动态趋势分析法,对郑州市2000-2004年的城市生态安全状况作了评价.结果表明,2000-2004年郑州市城市评价指标与理想状态指标的灰色关联度依次为0.635 3、0.654 7、0.642 3、0.656 0、0.677 1.依据与关联度对应的城市安全等级划分标准,郑州市的安全等级为差.从动态趋势分析,郑州市的城市生态系统相对稳定,为可改善的不安全状态.     

基于元胞自动机的城市区域火蔓延概率模型探讨

考虑建筑结构物震后可能发生的次生火灾的不确定性,给出解决问题的基本思路,构建了基于元胞自动机的城市地震次生火灾蔓延概率模型,指出元胞着火的概率与建筑物的特性和灾害条件有关,包括建筑材料、外墙是否有开口、与着火元胞的距离、地震对建筑的破坏程度以及气象条件等因素。模型通过设置没有开口的外墙以及道路和空地来区分单体建筑和建筑之间的火蔓延。该模型量化了影响火蔓延概率的因素,能快速实现城市区域火蔓延过程的动态模拟,特别适宜用于城市宏观角度上的火蔓延模拟。模拟结果再现了火灾过程,这不仅提高了人们对城市区域火蔓延危害的认识,而且为城市规划设计和消防扑救措施提供了有益的理论依据。     

基于大气环境箱式模型对成都平原城市群主要城市空间发展的评价分析

本文讨论了大气环境箱式模型的两种表达方式在成都平原城市群规划中的适用性,并采用箱式模型计算成都平原城市群主要城市的大气环境容量,通过对不同假设条件的用地布局方案的大气环境容量计算和比较,对规划方案确定的南北轴线主要城市空间发展提出了限制性条件,使规划方案符合大气环境容量的要求,以确保环境空气质量目标的实现.     

Valuing the benefits of the urban forest: a spatial hedonic approach

This paper measures the benefits of the urban forest by examining its effect on housing prices. A Geographic Information System is used to develop a measure of the urban forest, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, from satellite imagery and to construct other variables from a variety of sources. Spatial hedonic housing price models for the Indianapolis/Marion County area are estimated. The models indicate that greener vegetation around a property has a positive, significant effect on housing price, holding everything else constant. This effect is dominated by measures at the neighborhood level. These findings indicate that property owners value the urban forest, at least in part, by the premium they pay to live in neighborhoods with greener, denser vegetation. These findings also indicate that public action to maintain and enhance the urban forest may be warranted. Planners and urban foresters can use these findings to inform public and policy debates over urban forestry programs and proposals.     

Case study: examining the contribution of historical sources of lead in urban soils in Portland,Maine, USA

While the presence of lead in urban soils from residential lead paint and leaded gasoline is well documented, the relative contribution of lead from area historical industrial activities is not. This study examined the connection between historical industrial sources of lead in Portland, Maine, USA from 1860 to 1970 to current, spatial distributions of soil lead. Collecting 1859 surface and 122 sub-surface soil samples in accordance with USEPA's Lead Safe Yard Protocols, lead concentrations varied from 9 mg/kg to >100,000 mg/kg with most of the samples greater than USEPA's critical value for lead (400 mg/kg). Using historical documents, probable sources of lead were mapped. In comparing two datasets, no clear relationship emerged. Findings were hampered by inability to sample under large areas of impervious surfaces and private properties. Because of lead's immobility in soil, one would expect decreasing concentration with depth, but lead concentrations varied with depth and location. The haphazard dumping of lead-contaminated industrial waste and the relocation of contaminated fill are likely factors. These findings suggest that in urban areas where multiple historical sources of lead existed, surface sampling to determine presence of lead may not be sufficient to protect public health.     

城市人居环境与经济发展协调性分析——以南充市城市建成区为例

城市人居环境与经济协调发展是实现南充市可持续发展的重要途径。文章利用主成分分析法,求出1997—2006年南充市城市建成区人居环境与经济系统的综合发展指标,分析近10年城市人居环境与经济协调程度。