中国城市综合减灾体系建设及其系统思考

从中国城市减灾现状分析入手,重点剖析城市减灾的可持续发展问题,并探讨了城市社会经济可持续发展中如何确立防灾减灾的地位．进而用系统科学思路研究城市综合减灾的体系建设问题,从一定意义上较为科学地解决了跨世纪的中国城市可持续发展的关键问题．     

都市扩张与土地资源利用集约化：关于上海市城市发展模式的研究

随着我国经济的持续高速增长,人口向城市,尤其是大城市集中的趋势越来越明显,城市规模正在迅速膨胀。具体说来,主要体现在以下三个方面－城市占地面积的扩张;城市人口的膨胀;城市经济实力的增长。     

EVALUATION OF NINE MODELS FOR UNGAUGED URBAN BASINS IN LOUISIANA1

ABSTRACT: Nine flood-estimation models used for ungauged urban watersheds in Louisiana were evaluated. Flood-quantile predictions from simple regression models calibrated by local data were found to be more reliable than those more complicated models or models with many parameters that may not be accurately estimated. Flood prediction from models developed by using regionalization techniques were found to be reasonably good. Finally, application of a model outside of its limitations or domain may lead to substantial prediction error.     

URBAN STORMWATER QUANTITY/QUALITY MODELING USING THE SCS METHOD AND EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Runoff depth and pollutant loading (Biological Oxygen Demand [BOD₅], Total Suspended Solids [TSS], Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen [TKN] and lead [Pb]) computations of urban stormwater runoff from four small sites (i.e., 14.7–58.3 ac) in South Florida were performed using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) hydrology method and empirical equations developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Each site had different predominant land uses (i.e., low density residential, high density residential, highway and commercial). Quantity and quality data from 95 storm events at these sites were measured by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and used for calibration of the methodology to derive appropriate input parameters. Calibrated input parameters were developed for each land use to test the applicability of the methodology in small sub-tropical urban watersheds, and to provide hydrologists with a way to select appropriate parameter values for planning studies. A total of 16 independent rainfall events were used for verification of the methodology. Comparisons of predicted versus measured data for both hydrographs and pollutant loadings were performed.     

运用生态经济系统思想，开展城市水环境污染的综合整治

本文运用生态经济系统思想有计划，有步骤地解决水环境问题，针对当前城市水质污染的状况和趋势，找出城市水污染的主要原因，并对城市水环境污染进行经济分析及采取的经济对策，根据城市污水总量污染趋势预测，提出了防治措施，同时，在解决水环境问题时，重视环境效益，经济效益和社会效益的统一。     

NETWORK MODEL FOR DECISIONSUPPORT IN MUNICIPAL RAW WATER SUPPLY1

ABSTRACT: A water supply network optimization model called MODSIM3 is presented as a decision-support tool for aiding city staff in determining how best to utilize and exchange existing and potential water supplies with other users in a river basin. The model is applied to the City of Fort Collins, Colorado, water supply system as a means of determining optimum ways the City can utilize direct flow rights, storage rights, and exchangeable waters from various sources. Results clearly confirm both the benefits of the use of exchanges and the value of MODSIM3 as a water supply planning and management tool.     

DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN A STREAM EXPOSED TO URBAN RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT: A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was conducted at eight sites along Shabakunk Creek, a small stream in Mercer County, New Jersey, which receives urban runoff. The relationship between changes in substrate composition and the nature of the benthic macroinvertebrate community has been examined. Organisms were collected seasonally from natural substrates in riffles. Attempts to employ artificial substrates for invertebrate collection proved unsuccessful, as the population on the samplers was not representative of that in the stream bed. Number of total benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected declined from 13 in relatively undeveloped upstream areas to four below heavily developed areas, while population density decreased simultaneously in the same areas. Periphyton samples collected from natural substrates were analyzed for selected heavy metals. Significantly higher heavy metal concentrations are reported from substrates sampled below heavily developed areas, and changes in these values are discussed with regard to changes in benthic macroinvertebrate distribution.     

WATER CONSERVATION METHODS IN URBAN LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION: AN EXPLORATORY OVERVIEW1

ABSTRACT: The increasing use of irrigation for urban landscapes is causing new demands for efficient watering systems. Conservation techniques for irrigated agricultural fields cannot be applied to urban landscapes without amendment. This paper attempts to review methods of urban landscape water conservation in the context of the diversity and complexity of urban landscapes and the demands upon them for quality of the urban environment. A development's initial site layout and planting design fundamentally determine how much irrigation water will be required; the complexity and creativity inherent in urban design open a number of specific possibilities for reducing water demand. Irrigation hardware is then designed to deliver the required volume of water to the specified landscape efficiently by implementing a number of physical and operational principles. Maintenance of the finished development involves monitoring results and making adjustments as the plantings grow and develop. The potential for conserving urban irrigation water is large. Effective conservation need not compromise other qualities of the urban environment such as aesthetics, screening, or shade. Urban design can address both the kinds of landscapes people need, and minimal consumption of irrigation water.     

MULTIOBJECTWE ALLOCATION OF WATER SHORTAGE IN THE SVARTA RIVER,SWEDEN1

ABSTRACT: A model is proposed for allocation of water shortages among competing water uses in the Svarta River basin in Sweden. The three major competing uses in the basin are hydroelectricity generation, irrigation water supply, and urban water supply. Minor uses that impact upon the allocation are minimum river flow requirements for fishlife and for dilution of treated wastewater, and storage level restrictions for recreation purposes in the main storage facility, Lake Sommen. Analysis of the competing demands on the water are modeled through the method-of-weights multiobjective technique using a deterministic mixed-integer optimization formulation. The (0–1) variables in the formulation are required to synthesize the restricted validity of permits for withdrawal of irrigation water from the river and to simulate the complex operating rules of the major regulation facility on the river. Due to the deterministic nature of the formulation, the model is used on a hydrologic scenario basis. Use of the model is demonstrated by application to the Svarta River.     

NATIONWIDE REGRESSION MODELS FOR PREDICTING URBAN RUNOFF WATER QUALITY AT UNMONITORED SITES1

ABSTRACT: Regression models are presented that can be used to estimate mean loads for chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, dissolved solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia plus nitrogen, total phosphorous, dissolved phosphorous, total copper, total lead, and total zinc at unmonitored sites in urban areas. Explanatory variables include drainage area, imperviousness of drainage basin to infiltration, mean annual rainfall, a land-use indicator variable, and mean minimum January temperature. Model parameters are estimated by a generalized-least-squares regression method that accounts for cross correlation and differences in reliability of sample estimates between sites. The regression models account for 20 to 65 percent of the total variation in observed loads.