中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价

森林生态系统对维持我国自然生态系统格局、功能和过程具有特殊的生态意义。客观衡量森林生态系统的服务效能,对于森林资源保护及其科学利用具有重要意义。论文在分析森林生态系统服务功能的基础上,根据其提供服务的机制、类型和效用,把森林生态系统的服务功能划分为提供产品、调节功能、文化功能和生命支持功能四大类,建立了由林木产品、林副产品、气候调节、光合固C、涵养水源、土壤保持、净化环境、养分循环、防风固沙、文化多样性、休闲旅游、释放氧气、维持生物多样性13项功能指标构成的森林生态系统评价指标体系,并对其中的10项功能指标以2000年为评价基准年份进行了初步评价。结果表明,森林生态系统10类生态系统服务功能的总生态经济价值为14060.05×108元/a,其中直接价值和间接价值分别为2519.45×108元和11540.60×108元,间接价值是直接价值的4.6倍。研究认为,森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价工作应进一步加强森林生态系统服务功能机制的基础研究和不同尺度下空间数据的耦合和应用方法研究。     

Risk evaluation of natural disasters based on connection function

There are many uncertain factors,such as stochastic,fuzzy and gray information in the risk analysis on natural hazard.The set pair analysis(SPA)deals effectively with the various uncertain factors contributing to evaluation of the risk level of natural disasters.The evaluation indicators and standards of natural disasters risk are analyzed by identity-discrepancycontrary(IDC).The result,the connection numbers,still has uncertainty information.Thus,yielding the risk evaluation model of natural disasters based on connection function,which construct a set pair relation between the indicators of connection numbers and comprehensive evaluation standards,and describe uncertainty of the connection numbers by using connection function.The study showed that the proposed model takes into account only the uncertainty of risk evaluation indicator identification on natural disasters,also the uncertainty of result connection numbers.This approach gives full consideration to the uncertainty of systematic evaluation process along with the actual meaning of comprehensive evaluation functions.Therefore,this means it is able to reduce the uncertainty of final evaluation results and improve the accuracy and reasonability of evaluation results.This model is capable of reflecting actual situation of the risk evaluation on natural disaster affected by various uncertain factors and has a promotional value in the natural disaster risk assessment.     

Urban Land-banking Planning: A New Instrument to Regulate Urban Land Supply-demand of Nanjing City

Abstract

It is the major purpose of the paper to present the urban land-banking planning and its functions of promoting the urban land-banking system and land use administration. The urban land-banking system has the potential attribute of acting as an irreplaceable role in urban land administration, but its unexpected function-deviation has impacted its implementation effect in China. A few city governments are attempting to deal with the problem by the urban land-banking planning which is expected to contribute to the extension of urban function, optimization of urban patterns, promotion of urban core competitiveness and overall construction of the urban value chain. In this paper, we primarily discuss the necessity, functions, purposes and main contents of the urban land-banking planning. Subsequently, the implementing situation of the urban land-banking system in Nanjing is analyzed, including its integrated mode, spatio-temporal quantitative distribution and main characteristics. Finally, the background and targets including total, compositions, space, and regulation points are gradually introduced to present the Nanjing land-banking planning version 2.     

The elaboration process – an approach for sustainable product development: a case study

Environmentally conscious product development, eco-design or design for environment is the methodology trying to introduce environmental requirements into product design. The first step of this process is the gathering of customer requirements for a structured product development procedure, such as quality function deployment (QFD). The problem is that environmental requirements are usually unspoken by the customers. This paper describes a methodology for uncovering such requirements by using environmental default questions in an elaboration process. This leads to an increased customer environmental awareness, and it generates a comprehensive list of requirements suitable for use in a subsequent QFD process. The effects of the elaboration process are demonstrated in one case study.     

基于政府视角的人力资本投资分析

本文首先分析了政府在人力资本投资中的作用，然后从实现政府工作目标的角度探讨了人力资本投资的重要意义，最后提出增加人力资本投资的政策性建议．     

森林对污染物（SO2-4）的过滤器效应研究

森林的过滤器效应是指森林对污染物所具有的净化缓冲作用，这是森林生态系统所具有的重要生态服务功能之一。森林生态系统对污染物的截留、吸附与净化一般是通过污染物在森林生态系统中的乔木层与灌草层植物、枯落物和土壤（微生物）等组分间的转化过程来实现，阐明森林生态系统各组分对污染物的净化效应是正确评估森林过滤器效应的关键。系统综述了森林生态系统各组分对污染物净化效应的国内外主要研究成果，指明了目前该方面研究存在的问题和努力的方向,并指出目前国内已有的大多数研究还处于实验观测与现象揭示阶段，缺乏对过程与机理的深入研究，很少进行多因素的动态综合研究和系统分析，这都限制了我们对森林生态系统对污染物净化过程内在运行机制和客观规律的正确认识和评估。把整个森林生态系统当作一个过滤器，从植物、凋落物、土壤、微生物几个亚系统方面介绍了森林过滤器对污染物净化缓冲作用方面的主要研究进展。     

可持续发展目标下的清洁发展机制项目评价

清洁发展机制（CDM）是《京都议定书》规定的发达国家和发展中国家之间项目级的合作机制，CDM项目的目标之一是促进发展中国家的可持续发展。在京都议定书最终生效的背景下．CDM项目的开发与能力建设成为热点。本文基于多目标决革理论。讨论CDM促进可持续发展与否的评价方法。以国际最新的研究为基础。作者构建了CDM项目可持续评价的指标化体系。建立了评价过程。并将其应用刭具体的案例——内蒙古辉腾锡勒风电CDM项目的评价中。研究可以为中国的CDM潜在项目的选择、比较和批准等实践活动提供定量的方法和思路。这对于中国成为CDM国际合作中的重要参与者以及促进中国的可持续发展都具有重要的意义。     

2016年10～11月期间北京市大气颗粒物污染特征与传输规律

本研究采用气溶胶化学组分在线监测仪（ACSM）对北京地区2016年10月15日~11月15日期间非难熔性PM₁（NR-PM₁）化学组分进行实时连续在线观测,探讨了NR-PM₁化学组分的演变特征;运用潜在源贡献分析（PSCF）法和气象-空气质量模式（WRF-CAMx）识别了北京PM_2.5潜在污染源区和传输路径,揭示了PM_2.5净传输通量的垂直分布特征.结果表明,北京秋季NR-PM₁和PM_2.5质量浓度分别为（59.16±57.05）μg·m^-3和（89.82±66.66）μg·m^-3,其中NR-PM₁平均占PM_2.5的（70.31±22.28）%.整个观测期间,有机物（Org）、硝酸盐（NO₃^-）、硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）、铵盐（NH₄⁺）和氯化物（Chl）分别占NR-PM₁总质量浓度的（42.75±11.35）%、（21.27±7.72）%、（19.11±7.08）%、（12.19±2.64）%和（4.68±3.24）%,不同化学组分的日变化特征存在明显差异.对北京秋季NR-PM₁污染影响较大的潜在源区主要集中在河北南部、河南东北部及山东西部,重污染期间保定、北京南部及廊坊等城市对NR-PM₁贡献较大.WRF-CAMx模拟结果表明,PM_2.5总的净传输通量呈现出显著的垂直分布特征.整个观测期间,毗邻城市主要向北京输入PM_2.5,净通量最大出现在海拔600~1000 m;而重污染前期外来源输送PM_2.5主要位于高空,直到污染最严重的11月5日,PM_2.5转为近地面传输,说明高空和近地面传输是影响北京秋季PM_2.5重污染形成的重要因素.同时鉴别出了两种传输路径,即西南-东北方向（保定→北京→承德）和西北-东南方向（张家口→北京→廊坊北→天津）.     

重要基础设施脆弱性评价模型及其应用

将重要基础设施脆弱性定义为威胁情景、保护作用和重要性的函数,并提出一种可定量化的重要基础设施脆弱性评价模型。模型结合系统理论知识分解系统,选取威慑、延迟、检测、响应4个评价因子评估系统各环节。模型由相关领域专家确定系统各环节权重以及为评价因子赋值,应用线性加权聚集模拟技术,综合评价因子信息;依据系统状况,建立系统各环节价值函数,运行模型得到脆弱性概率密度函数,以数学期望值表示系统脆弱性总值。并将模型应用于天津市部分供水系统,不仅得到系统各环节的实际评价值,而且可得整个供水系统脆弱性评价值,为更好地改进天津市供水系统各环节的安全运行提供了科学依据。     

Effects of Local Disturbance of Tropical Forests on Frugivores and Seed Removal of a Small-Seeded Afrotropical Tree

Abstract:  Small-scale, local disturbance of tropical forests, for example from selective logging, is widespread, but its effects on biodiversity and ecosystem function have rarely been studied. In 3 East African tropical rainforests, we investigated the effect of different levels of local forest disturbance on the frugivore community and on tree visitation and fruit removal rates of the small-seeded tree Celtis durandii. We quantified birds and primates in little and heavily disturbed sites, distinguishing between forest specialists, forest generalists, and forest visitors. We quantified frugivorous tree visitors and seed removal rates of C. durandii trees in the same sites. Forest disturbance reduced the species richness and density of the frugivore community and of forest specialists. Frugivorous species and individuals visiting the study trees were reduced significantly, which led to a marginally significant decline in fruit removal by all frugivores and a significant reduction in removal by forest specialists. Reduction in fruit removal by forest specialists was not compensated for by increases in removal by forest generalists or visitors. Results did not differ among the 3 rainforests, which suggests they were consistent at a regional scale. So local forest disturbance led to a loss of frugivores and their seed removal services. This suggests that large-seeded tree species and trees with small fruits are losing seed dispersers. Thus, local forest disturbance appears to have a more general negative impact on frugivores and their seed dispersal services than anticipated previously.