彩釉砖的辐射水平及其放射防护管理

简述了我国国产彩釉砖的辐射水平、室内装修彩釉砖的限值以及它对人体产生辐射的途径，提出了放射防护管理措施和存在的问题。     

Nitrate leaching in agriculture to upper groundwater in the sandy regions of the Netherlands during the 1992–1995 period

The Dutch National Monitoring Programme for Effectiveness of the Minerals Policy (LMM) was initiated to allow detection of a statutory reduction in nitrate leaching caused by a decreasing N load. The starting point, or baseline, was taken as the nitrate concentration of the upper metre of groundwater sampled on 99 farms in the 1992–1995 period in the sandy areas of the Netherlands, where predominantly grass and maize grow. We found here that a reduction in nitrate leaching of more than 20% in future would almost certainly be detected with the LMM. Detecting downward trends due to decreasing N load will require nitrate concentrations to also be related to soil drainage, precipitation excess leading to groundwater recharge and to location. Furthermore, we found that about 16% of the N load in the Dutch sandy regions was being leached to the upper metre of groundwater in the 1992–1995 period. The critical N load in approximately 1990 for exceeding the EC limit value for nitrate, NO₃, (50 mg L^–1) in the upper metre of groundwater for the mean situation for grassland, maize and arable land in the sandy area was found to be 210 kg ha^–1 a^–1. Because manure management has been altered, the critical load found will be lower than the current critical load .     

Natural capital in ecology and economics: an overview

The Brundtland Commission report, Our Common Future, defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs. Although the idea of sustainable development has been widely accepted, it has proveddifficult to identify and implement policies and practices thatpromote sustainable economic growth. Some economists, environmental scientists and policy analysts believe that they can transform the consensus about sustainability into manageablepractices. They propose to accomplish this feat with a set of new ideas about the relationships between the economy and theenvironment offered under the banner of 'natural capital'. An ideal account of natural capital would be one or more standard measures or models that would allow the direct comparison of environmental goods, like forests, fresh water and clean air, with economic goods, like money, capital and productivity. By bringing economic science and environmental science to an objective common ground, a natural capital model has the potentialto provide a concrete means of comparing the economic and ecological costs and benefits of particular policies and programmes. This paper offers a survey and analysis of several new contributions to the formation of the natural capital concept from economists, ecologists, policy analysts, biometricians, foresters and a philosopher. The paper concludes that existingmicroeconomic theory may be 'ungreenable', if it is not reformulated. While macroeconomic approaches to natural capitalhave been more successful, they share the limitation that ecosystems and species are valued solely in monetary terms. These problems are taken to suggest that the development of a successful natural capital model may require economic theory tobe recast to include non-monetary social preferences and values.     

Development of an Overall Index of Pollution for Surface Water Based on a General Classification Scheme in Indian Context

Various National and International Agencies involved in water quality assessment and pollution control have defined water quality criteria for different uses of water considering different indicator parameters. Classification schemes for water quality criteria/standards developed by these agencies differ inaddition to terminologies used such as Action level, Guide level etc. in defining the concentration values in these classes. In the present article a general classification scheme viz. Excellent,Acceptable, Slightly Polluted, Polluted and Heavily Polluted water is proposed for surface water quality assessment. The concentration ranges in these classes are defined in Indianscenario considering Indian Standards and CPCB criteria. Standardsby the European Community (EC), WHO etc. and the reported factsabout the pollution effects of important water quality indicatorparameters on the surrounding were also taken into account. Themathematical equations to transform the actual concentrationvalues into pollution indices are formulated and correspondingvalue function curves are plotted. Based on the individual indexvalues, an `Overall Index of Pollution' (OIP) is estimated. Theapplication of OIP is demonstrated at a few sampling stations onriver Yamuna based on observed water quality data. The general classification scheme along with concentrationranges defined in these classes will be of immense use fordetermining the surface water quality status with reference tospecific individual parameter, and the OIP for assessing theoverall water quality status in Indian context.     

开封市周边地区地表灰尘重金属背景值研究

长期以来国内外学者大多以研究地区所在行政区、全国或全球土壤元素背景值或上地壳元素丰度作为标准,评价地表灰尘重金属积累与污染状况.但某区域的灰尘重金属背景值与所在地区的土壤背景值是否存在差别？迄今为止尚未见到这方面的研究报道.基于此,本研究在河南省东部黄淮平原开封市周边地区10个县（市）约2×10⁴ km²范围内,用网格法随机采集灰尘样品96份,用ICP-MS法和AFS法测定11种重金属含量.按照Dixon检验法剔除重金属离群值,用偏度-峰度法和Q-Q图示法检验数据分布类型,根据常规方法确定各个重金属的背景值,并开展灰尘重金属背景值与其上地壳丰度、中国潮土背景值及河南省土壤背景值对比分析.结果表明,灰尘Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Co、Sb和V背景值分别为0.022、8.04、0.30、46.51、24.58、20.54、77.21、26.21、9.72、1.27和84.33 mg·kg^-1.灰尘重金属背景值与上地壳重金属丰度、中国潮土背景值及河南省土壤背景值都存在一定差异.与河南省土壤元素背景值相比,灰尘Cd、Pb和Zn背景值较高,其中,Cd属极强差异,Pb和Zn属中等差异;灰尘Hg、As和Cr背景值较低,都属强差异;土壤和灰尘Cu、Sb、V、Ni和Co背景值差别不明显,均属弱差异.     

改进多目的地旅行公共费用分成模型及其在若尔盖县游憩价值评估中的应用

多目的地环程旅行问题是应用旅行费用法（TCM）进行游憩价值评估的难点和热点,客观准确地对多目的地旅行公共费用进行分成,确定各目的地的费用权重成为游憩价值评估的关键性问题。因此,本文引入旅行公共费用和目的地直接费用的概念,改进多目的地旅行公共费用分成计算模型,将待评估目的地直接费用与多目的地总直接费用的比值作为待评估目的地在旅行公共费用中的分成权重。该计算模型尝试根据调查游客自身的消费特点进行旅行公共费用分成,避免主观假设的影响,旨在使费用分成更加客观、科学。对若尔盖县游憩价值的评估结果为：2017年若尔盖县游憩价值为31.09亿元,人均游憩价值1538元;其中旅行费用 25.06亿元,人均旅行费用1240元;消费者剩余6.03亿元,人均消费者剩余298元。通过改进多目的地旅行费用分成模型,可推动游憩价值评估方法的发展和完善。研究结果可为若尔盖县生态旅游产业发展规划提供科学指导。     

传统村落旅游地乡愁的测度及其资源价值——以苏南传统村落为例

“记住乡愁”是乡村旅游和乡村振兴的重要内容。基于居民和游客视角,以苏南传统村落为案例地,开发传统村落旅游地乡愁量表,探讨乡愁的资源价值。结果表明:传统村落旅游地乡愁是一个综合概念,是特定人地关系的体现,是在一定时空条件下,乡愁主体、乡愁触点、乡愁载体、乡愁情感、乡愁愿景要素共同作用的结果,不仅仅是离乡的愁绪,思乡的记忆,也体现了一定的文化概念,是情感、记忆和文化的集合体;经过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,探讨并验证了传统村落旅游地乡愁的“文化—情感—记忆”三维度量表;主客乡愁之间存在一定差异:居民乡愁强度高于游客,居民情感维度均值最高,文化维度均值最低,游客文化维度均值最高,情感维度最低;乡愁有一定的资源价值,主要体现在情感联结价值、文化认同和传承价值、保护和开发价值三个方面。在此基础上提出了对策和建议。     

密切值法在化工园区安全评价中的应用

在对化工园区进行安全评价时,传统的区域风险评价方法的评价结果难以反映园区内化工企业的安全状况,为解决这一问题提出一种基于密切值法的化工园区安全评价模型。首先从企业内部固有风险、企业安全生产现状以及事故应急处置能力3个方面构建安全评价指标体系,通过现场调研得到各指标取值后利用密切值法求得各企业的密切值,根据密切值的大小确定各企业的安全状况以及不同企业安全水平高低。最后取各企业密切值的均值作为园区整体的密切值,进而得到园区整体安全水平。实例表明,该方法的评价结果不仅能反映园区整体安全水平,还可以表明园区内各企业安全状况,可为化工园区及企业安全管理提供依据。     

基于环空带压临界值确定高温高压气井临界产量

高温高压气井环空带压现象日益严重,环空带压过大可能破坏井筒的完整性,基于能量守恒定律和井筒径向传热机理,建立了井筒多环空温度场计算模型;综合考虑环空温度效应和体积效应,建立了环空带压控制方程,以某高温高压气井为例,开展了基于环空带压临界值确定高温高压气井临界产量的具体分析。研究结果表明:环空温度随产量和生产时间的增大先增加后逐渐稳定,相比生产时间,产量对环空温度的影响更加明显;环空带压越大,井下管柱安全系数越小,综合对比API RP 90标准和环空带压安全评价2种方法的结果,确定了各环空最大允许带压值,结合环空带压与产量的关系可得到高温高压气井的临界产量。研究结果对合理制定高温高压气井的生产制度具有理论指导意义。     

总大肠菌群测定中如何避免出现不定值

现行的环境监测分析方法与有关技术规范中总大肠菌群检数表里所列的几个不定值(“<”或“>”)给区域环境综合分析与评价工作带来一定的困难.为了避免在实测数据中出现不定值,实验分析人员应充分了解待检水样的环境因素以便确定合适的分析方法.对污染较重的水样要适当提高稀释倍数直至出现阴性反应.能否选择出正确的稀释度是实验成败的关键.