中国职业安全健康标志认证的前景及价值

本文分析了职业安全健康标志应用的必要性和前景,结合国内外先进技术经验,初步设计了基于价值理论的职业安全健康标志的认证和使用制度。与我国现行的生产许可证特种劳防用品强制性认证制度对照,这种社会化自愿形式的认证模式涵盖企业和产品范围更广,认证要求更高,提供个性化服务的功能更强。它是对我国个体防护领域认证制度的一个有益补充,也是接轨全球个体防护产业和产品市场的必要手段。     

pH值对化学－生物混合污泥厌氧发酵释磷的影响

以污水处理厂化学除磷工艺产生的常见化学磷(AlPO4和FePO4)沉淀为研究对象,考察了两种化学磷分别与剩余活性污泥(即生物污泥)混合厌氧发酵过程中化学磷和生物磷的释放情况.结果表明:在纯水中,AlPO4在强酸强碱条件下均能释出部分磷,FePO4只在强碱条件下才能溶解释磷.在(35±1)℃,不同pH值下将含AlPO4的混合污泥厌氧发酵时,强酸性厌氧发酵能释出较多的化学磷,但微生物活性被抑制,不利于发酵产酸;碱性发酵(pH=10~11)能释出28%~55%的化学磷,43%~49%的生物磷,总释磷量比中性条件下高17.5%~62.7%,同时利于发酵产酸,维持pH 10和11时产酸量分别比中性条件高233%和117%;对于含FePO4的混合污泥厌氧发酵,中性条件下即能释放FePO4中40%的磷和生物污泥中50%的磷,释磷量高于pH=11的碱性厌氧发酵释磷量.     

非正规填埋场矿化垃圾理化性质与资源化利用研究

为探索非正规垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾资源化利用问题,以广东省东莞市常平镇桥沥垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾为例,多点采集样品经人工分拣和不同粒径段筛分后,对其物理组成和化学性质进行了分析.结果表明:矿化垃圾中腐殖土主要在40mm粒径段以下,占47.3%,塑料、织物及木竹等可燃轻质垃圾主要在大于80mm粒径段,占40.1%;工程筛分粒径可选40mm,筛上物主要为可燃物,筛下物主要为腐殖土;按照有机肥堆肥腐熟标准,筛下物腐殖土基本可达到腐熟,营养物质含量达到《城市生活垃圾农用标准》(GB8172-1987)要求,但部分重金属含量超标;矿化垃圾经筛分后的轻质垃圾,热值约为6000kJ/kg,可直接进行焚烧处理,将其制备成垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)后,热值可达10000~24000kJ/kg.     

基于生命价值理论的职工伤害赔偿办法探讨

通过分析目前国内经济形势与职业健康的关系,发现职业伤害赔偿存在一系列问题,证实进一步对职业伤害赔偿问题进行探讨是必要的。从我国实际情况出发,借鉴国外风险交易理论和国内人力资本理论,参考以人力资本法为中心的生命价值理论,提出职工生命价值理论及职工生命价值曲线。然后根据职工生命价值理论,建立了涵盖职业劳动价值、业余劳动价值及精神价值的职业伤害赔偿办法,而考虑业余劳动价值,更加符合我国居民的生活状态。为保证职工生命价值的实现,顺利解决伤害赔偿的一系列问题,提出此职业伤害赔偿管理与落实计划。     

腐蚀管道评价标准ASME B31G-2009和SY/T6151-2009对比

腐蚀是油气管道最常见的失效形式之一,对腐蚀管道进行剩余强度评价是保障管道安全可靠运行的基础工作。ASME B31G-2009和SY/T6151-2009是国内外的两种主流评价标准的最新版本,为了在选取适当的评价标准时有判断依据,比较分析了新版标准评价结果的保守程度,研究了评价流程、计算模型和计算参数取值等方面,并结合爆破试验数据和有限元仿真结果进行了验证。结果表明,两种标准仍具有一定的保守性,且当管道强度等级、腐蚀情况及数据资料完整度等不同时,两种标准有各自的适用范围和优缺点。     

木林子自然保护区不同群落类型主要优势种群的生态位研究

为定量分析木林子自然保护区不同群落类型主要优势种群的生态位,以每个样地为综合资源位,采用Simpson指数的倒数和Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式及Pianka生态位重叠公式分别对自然恢复20 a、35 a和100 a左右次生林群落主要优势种的生态位宽度及重叠进行测度,比较分析主要优势种在不同群落类型中的生态位变化及原因,同时对种群的环境适应能力及其随自然恢复阶段的变化等方面进行探讨。结果表明：1）青冈（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）属于木林子自然保护区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的建群种,生态位宽度最大（群落ⅠB'_(SW)i 为0.750、B'_(L)i 为0.863,群落ⅡB'_(SW)i 为0.630、B'_(L)i 为0.685,群落ⅢB'_(SW)i 为0.625、B'_(L)i 为0.658）,与其他种群的生态位重叠程度高,自然恢复年限越长,其优势地位越明显。2）人为干扰和光照是影响该区域不同群落类型主要优势种生态位变化的主要因子。3）不同群落类型主要优势种的平均生态位宽度值B'_(SW)i 为0.603、B'_(L)i 为0.570,平均生态位重叠值为0.564,表明各种群生态幅广,资源利用谱较宽,群落结构复杂;各种群对环境资源的利用性竞争不激烈。4）珙桐（Davidia involucrata）种群的重要值和生态位宽度值最小（IV为0.181,B'_(SW)i 为0.292,B'_(L)i 为0.109）,与其他种群的生态位重叠值小或没有重叠,表明它对群落环境的适应能力及对资源的利用能力弱且与其他种群的生态位产生了一定程度分化。各优势种的生态位随群落物种组成变化而变化,揭示了优势种的生态位随自然恢复阶段的变化规律。     

Assessment of the conservation value of Munseom area in Jeju Island,South Korea

The ecosystem of munseom area (MA) in Jeju Island, one of the marine protected areas in South Korea, has been continuously threatened by lack of management and pollution of the surrounding sea area. As a result, the South Korean government is trying to implement the systematic management plan to conserve the marine ecosystem of the MA. This article tries to obtain information about the conservation value of the MA. To this end, this study examines household willingness to pay (WTP) for conserving the MA employing the contingent valuation (CV) approach. A total of 1000 South Korean households were involved in the CV survey using a dichotomous choice question. The mean yearly WTP for the conservation is estimated as KRW 1763 (USD 1.50) per household. The national value expanded from the sample to the population is worth KRW 34.0billion (USD 29.0 million) per year. The results imply that the conservation is supported by South Korean households.     

国外家畜粪便肥料成分含量快速预测方法的研究

研究家畜粪便的物理指标与其肥料成分含量的关系,用来预测家畜粪便肥料成分含量.目前国外主要研究的预测家畜粪便肥料成分含量的物理指标主要有:干物质含量、比重、电导率、流变学特性、pH值及几个指标的组合.研究表明,预测牛、奶牛和猪粪便中氮和磷的含量可用比重和干物质含量,并且用比重代替干物质含量更易于实现畜禽粪便营养成分含量的快速和在线检测;电导率可预测牛、猪粪便中铵态氮和钾的含量;此外家畜粪便的流变学特性ln(k)和pH值也可用来预测某些成分,但效果较差.同时采用某2个物理指标来预测的效果优于单个指标的预测效果.     

Assessing the cost‐effectiveness of interventions within a humanitarian organisation

Cost‐effectiveness analysis is increasingly relevant in humanitarian action. The cost of response has increased exponentially in the past decade, alongside concurrent donor budget restrictions. However, there remains limited comprehension and application of these methods in this field. This paper documents methods developed for use within Action Against Hunger, an international humanitarian organisation, in response to a lack of understanding of this topic within the humanitarian community and limited evidence of the cost‐effectiveness of humanitarian action. These methods encompass costs to both implementing institutions and participating communities. Activity‐based cost analyses are conducted to assess resources per programme activity. Cost‐effectiveness is evaluated using successful programme outcomes, and uncertainty is appraised via sensitivity analysis. This paper aims to advance knowledge, stimulate discussion, and promote the adoption of cost‐effectiveness methods for building the evidence base for humanitarian action, including consideration of community costs, to enable analytical outputs that are useful for managers and policymakers alike.     

Revisiting the elemental composition and the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes

In this work, the elemental content (C, N, H, S, O), the organic matter content and the calorific value of various organic components that are commonly found in the municipal solid waste stream were measured. The objective of this work was to develop an empirical equation to describe the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste as a function of its elemental composition. The MSW components were grouped into paper wastes, food wastes, yard wastes and plastics. Sample sizes ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 kg. In addition to the above individual components, commingled municipal solid wastes were sampled from a bio-drying facility located in Crete (sample sizes ranged from 8 to 15 kg) and were analyzed for the same parameters. Based on the results of this work, an improved empirical model was developed that revealed that carbon, hydrogen and oxygen were the only statistically significant predictors of calorific value. Total organic carbon was statistically similar to total carbon for most materials in this work. The carbon to organic matter ratio of 26 municipal solid waste substrates and of 18 organic composts varied from 0.40 to 0.99. An approximate chemical empirical formula calculated for the organic fraction of commingled municipal solid wastes was C₃₂NH₅₅O₁₆.