化学氮肥对蔬菜硝酸盐污染影响的研究

蔬菜是一种容易富集硝酸盐的作物,菜农为了获得高产,而超量施用化学氮肥,致使蔬菜硝酸盐累积量剧增,品质恶化。研究表明：筛选出氯化铵和硫酸铵两种氮肥;施氮剂量每hm²以200kg为临界值;施氮安全始期,以追氮后8天上市为宜;化学氮肥与厩肥、土杂肥配用,能有效控制和降低蔬菜硝酸盐的累积分别达67.4％和45.7％。硝酸盐是亚硝胺的前体物,应减轻其对人体健康的潜在危害,并提高蔬菜品质。     

Emission and Performance Characteristics of a 2 Litre Toyota Diesel Van Operating on Esterified Waste Cooking Oil and Mineral Diesel Fuel

Exhaust emission and performance characteristics were evaluated in a Toyota van, powered by a 21 indirect injection (IDI) naturally aspirated diesel engine, operating on vegetable based waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME).Tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer and the data were compared with previous results conducted on the same vehicle using mineral diesel fuel. The data obtained includes smoke opacity, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), oxygen (O₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitric oxide (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and brake power. Engine lubricating oil samples were also taken. Results from this study indicated a difference of approximately 9% in brake power between the two fuels. WCOME developed a significant lower smoke opacity level and reduced CO, CO₂, SO₂ emissions. However, O₂, NO₂ and NO levels were higher with the vegetable oil based fuel. Power values were comparable for both fuels. Lubricating oil analysis gave little change of viscosity and wear metal concentrations after 2887km were: Silicon 35ppm, Chromium 3.3ppm, Iron 33.8ppm, Copper 14.1ppm and lead 78.6ppm.     

3种水生蔬菜对稀土元素钷的吸收与富集

应用放射性核素示踪技术 ,研究了 3种水生蔬菜 (慈姑、荸荠和水芹菜 )对稀土元素钷 (14 7Pm)的吸收与富集。结果表明 :(1 ) 3种水生蔬菜对14 7Pm均有较强的吸收与富集能力。其中 ,水芹菜随生长时间的延长 ,吸收14 7Pm的量明显增加 ,50、80、1 1 0d时全样的吸收系数分别为 0 98± 0 1 9、0 92± 0 3 8和 1 1 4± 0 1 8;(2 ) 3种蔬菜的食用器官 (水芹菜的主茎 ,慈姑和荸荠的球茎 )对14 7Pm具有明显的富集性 ,吸收系数分别为 1 2 9± 0 2 8、2 0 9± 0 0 3和 1 55± 0 55     

重庆市无公害蔬菜基地环境和产品质量评价标准初探

通过对重庆市环境污染情况的调查分析 ,结合现行的国家相关环境质量标准和食品卫生标准 ,提出了适合重庆市无公害蔬菜基地建设的环境质量和产品质量评价标准体系 ,为建立规范化、标准化绿色蔬菜基地打下了基础     

对城镇清洁区与污灌区蔬菜基地环境现状的调查研究

通过对昌吉州三工镇和榆树沟镇、米泉市古牧地镇和柏杨河乡种植区土壤、空气质量、灌溉水的监测分析与调查研究,对比清洁区蔬菜基地与污灌区蔬菜基地环境现状,探讨了灌溉用水对蔬菜质量的影响,提出切实可行的防治措施.     

原子荧光光谱法测定蔬菜样品中铅

铅作为一种对人体有害元素,在蔬菜样品中必须被检测。应用原子荧光光度计检测铅的含量,具有取样量少、灵敏度高、检出限低等优点,适合于环境样品的分析检测。     

Urban geochemistry: research strategies to assist risk assessment and remediation of brownfield sites in urban areas

Urban geochemical maps of Wolverhampton and Nottingham, based on multielement analysis of surface soils, have shown distribution patterns of “total” metals concentrations relating to past and present industrial and domestic land use and transport systems. Several methods have been used to estimate the solubility and potential bioavailability of metals, their mineral forms and potential risks to urban population groups. These include sequential chemical extraction, soil pore water extraction and analysis, mineralogical analysis by scanning electron microscopy, source apportionment by lead isotope analysis and the development of models to predict metal uptake by homegrown vegetables to provide an estimate of risk from metal consumption and exposure. The results from these research strategies have been integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) to provide data for future land-use planning.     

Anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and fruit/vegetable waste: Lab-scale and pilot-scale studies

The anaerobic digestion performances of kitchen waste (KW) and fruit/vegetable waste (FVW) were investigated for establishing engineering digestion system. The study was conducted from lab-scale to pilot-scale, including batch, single-phase and two-phase experiments. The lab-scale experimental results showed that the ratio of FVW to KW at 5:8 presented higher methane productivity (0.725 L CH₄/g VS), and thereby was recommended. Two-phase digestion appeared to have higher treatment capacity and better buffer ability for high organic loading rate (OLR) (up to 5.0 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1), compared with the low OLR of 3.5 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1 for single-phase system. For two-phase digestion, the pilot-scale system showed similar performances to those of lab-scale one, except slightly lower maximum OLR of 4.5 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1 was allowed. The pilot-scale system proved to be profitable with a net profit of 10.173 $/ton as higher OLR (?3.0 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1) was used.     

双氰胺和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐对蔬菜种植土壤氨氧化细菌和古菌的影响

硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)在抑制农业土壤硝化作用和提高氮肥利用率等方面效果显著,为了探讨它们对蔬菜种植土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和古菌(AOA)的作用机制,选取40 a以上蔬菜种植土壤,在施加尿素(CK)基础上,分别添加DCD和DMPP进行室内培养,系统监测了土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和硝化势的变化,同时运用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序等技术揭示了AOB和AOA种群丰度和多样性的演替规律.结果表明,相比CK处理,DCD处理和DMPP处理的NH_4~+-N含量升高了213%和675%; NO_3~--N含量降低了13. 3%和37. 2%;硝化势降低了20. 4%和82. 4%;同时,AOB丰度降低了51. 2%和56. 5%; AOA丰度降低了6. 0%和27. 0%.不同抑制剂处理间AOB和AOA的α多样性指数没有显著差异; nork-environmental-samples、unclassified-Nitrosomonadaceae、unclassified-Bactertia和Nitrosospira是AOB序列属水平的主要优势类群; norank-Crenarchaeota、norank-enviromental-samples和Nitrososphaera是AOA序列属水平的主要优势类群,施用DCD和DMPP显著改变了AOB和AOA的群落组成.综上所述,尿素与DCD和DMPP配施显著抑制NH_4~+-N的转化,降低AOB和AOA的种群丰度并改变其群落组成.相比DCD,DMPP对硝化作用的抑制和对AOB和AOA群落的影响更强.     

食用植物油加工VOCs排放特征

获取了菜籽和大豆植物油加工行业VOCs排放系数、成分谱和臭氧生成贡献,并对其全国VOCs排放量进行了计算.结果表明,菜籽油加工过程VOCs排放系数为1.20kg/t菜籽用量和6.32kg/t菜籽油产量,大豆油加工过程VOCs排放系数为0.36kg/t大豆用量和2.35kg/t大豆油产量.菜籽油和大豆油加工排放的VOCs主要来自于有机溶剂挥发.VOCs排放占比最大的物种是正己烷,其次是甲基戊烷（包括3-甲基戊烷和2-甲基戊烷）,再次是甲基环戊烷.植物油加工行业OFP为931.47μg/m³,其中,烷烃贡献最大,占比为61.90%;其次是烯烃和OVOCs,占比分别为19.61%和15.14%,.2019年中国大豆和油菜籽植物油加工VOCs排放量为5.12万t,大豆和油菜籽植物油分别贡献65.4%和34.6%,山东、湖北、江苏、广东、河南、广西、天津、河北、湖南、福建是贡献最大的10个省份,合计占比72.0%.