试论新形势下的我国环境保护科研计划管理

通过国内外环境科研管理的分析,划分了环境管理与科研的层次,指出科研计划管理是联系管理与科研的纽带。提出在深入改革的形势下,科研管理需进一步加强宏观调控,并就环境管理、准决策研究、基础研究三个层次的联系与运行以及科研分领域系统管理,科研经费管理的多元化与项目设置的计划滚动效应和建立技术支持的专家系统等提出了看法。以求实现科学比管理,切实发挥科研第一生产力的作用,达到科研为管理服务的目的。     

利用废弃物衍生燃料的热化学处理法制富含氢气合成气

为了探讨利用热化学方式从城市垃圾中制取富含氢气合成气过程的要素影响,解析氢气发生特性及其与主要影响要素之间的关系。在分析了城市生活垃圾组分特性的基础上,将其加工成组分均一的废弃物衍生燃料(refuse derived fuel,RDF),并在700、800和900℃等3个温度条件下,分别开展了RDF的热解、气化及水蒸汽气化等实验。研究表明,RDF的加工不但可有效降低垃圾含水率,还可将垃圾热值提高近1倍。温度和添加水蒸汽是从RDF中制取富含氢气合成气过程中的关键影响要素。其中,温度对氢气生成起到至关重要的决定作用,温度的提高对促进H2浓度的提高有利,同时,在气化过程中添加水蒸汽,可有效促进CO和H2等有价气体组分生成。在900℃的高温水蒸汽气化处理过程中,可获得H2浓度最高为34.13%的合成气。另外,800℃热解过程所产生的合成气热值最高,达到14 509 kJ/Nm3。     

Targeted Application of Seasonal Load Duration Curves Using Multivariate Analysis in Two Watersheds Flowing Into Lake Houston1

Teague, Aarin, Philip B. Bedient, and Birnur Guven, 2011. Targeted Application of Seasonal Load Duration Curves Using Multivariate Analysis in Two Watersheds Flowing Into Lake Houston. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):620‐634. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00529.x Abstract: Water quality is a problem in Lake Houston, the primary source of drinking water for the City of Houston, Texas, due to pollutant loads coming from the influent watersheds, including Spring Creek and Cypress Creek. Statistical analysis of the historic water quality data was developed to understand the source characterization and seasonality of the watershed. Multivariate analysis including principal component, cluster, and discriminant analysis provided a custom seasonal assessment of the watersheds so that loading curves may be targeted for season specific pollutant source characterization. The load duration curves have been analyzed using data collected by the U.S. Geologic Survey with corresponding City of Houston water quality data at the sites to characterize the behavior of the pollutant sources and watersheds. Custom seasons were determined for Spring Creek and Cypress Creek watersheds and pollutant source characterization compared between the seasons and watersheds.     

Multi-Criteria and Multi-Perspective Analysis of Contaminated Land Management Methods

Errors in environmental resource management over the years have created pollution problems in some areas which are difficult to handle, regardless of the development of knowledge and technologies. This is particularly true in the case of soil pollution. The negative effects of persistent pollutants have been observed for a long time. For instance, lead and cadmium remain in the soil for centuries, during which time they are absorbed by plants and simultaneously cause secondary air pollution. The authors made an attempt to describe and assess the possible options of dealing with the problem of contaminated land in Katowice District. Considering the necessity of a multilateral approach, a pairwise comparison technique has been chosen as the most suitable to show the complexity of the problem. The different variants of actions aimed at preventing the pollutants from getting into the food chain were analyzed against a set of criteria, consisting of the following issues: time, cost, effectiveness, social acceptance, feasibility. The relative importance of actions were judged by the team of experts using the Saaty method. Also, a two-perspective assessment (the two different stakeholders), which involves considering the perspective of an owner of a piece of contaminated land and an ecologist has been performed. The results of comparative, multicriteria and multi-perspective assessment indicate the following:- the best method for contaminated agricultural land management is willful and controlled cultivation,- other recommended actions are deep ploughing and phytoremediation,- there is not much acceptance for the other methods.     

A case study of flood control schemes for the Kakehashi river and their socio-cultural consequences

SUMMARY

This paper is concerned with a twenty-five year campaign against the relocation of the Komatsu-Tenmangu shrine as a result of the enlargement of the Kakehashi river. The Komatsu-Tenmangu shrine is an important cultural property of Japan, and was constructed by Toshitsune Maeda, the third dynasty of the Kaga clan in 1657. It is suggested that the primary reason why it took so long to settle this issue is a flaw in our social system for managing public works. It is concluded that preservation of cultural property is not always contrary to land development, and that the proposed procedures or something like them must be put into practice for the real expansion of our culture.     

现代生活垃圾卫生填埋场的研究现状及存在的问题

现代生活垃圾卫生填埋场是处理生活垃圾的一个最有效、最安全的方法,国内外学者针对与垃圾填埋场相关的岩土工程问题已经做了大量的研究工作,但是仍然有很多问题没有引起足够的关注。在此总结国内外学者研究现状的基础上提出了需要进一步研究的一系列问题,并在初步研究的基础上提出了一些预防建议。     

重金属螯合剂在废水治理中的应用研究

研究重金属螯合剂的实验室合成及其捕集重金属的机理,对其处理重金属废水的效果与无机稳定化药剂Ｎａ２Ｓ进行了实验比较。     

浅议宣传培训在推动农村再生资源回收利用中的作用

介绍我国开展农村再生资源回收利用的背景,以及宣传培训在推动农村再生资源回收利用中的重要作用。阐述农村再生资源回收利用宣传培训的内容和方式,以及培养再生资源回收利用意识的途径。提出应加大宣传培训工作力度,丰富宣传培训内容并采取多样化的形式,推动相关理念和知识的传播,逐渐形成农村再生资源回收利用的长效机制。     

京津冀地区流域水质目标管理技术集成研究

流域水质目标管理已成为发达国家水环境管理的主要模式。京津冀地区是海河流域的核心区域,也是国家生态环境保护的重点地区。针对京津冀地区水资源、水环境、水生态（简称“三水”）统筹系统管理中面临的水资源短缺和统筹调配能力不足、水环境污染严重和协同治理水平较弱以及水生态退化且稳定性趋向脆弱等问题,从“十一五”“十二五”及“十三五”国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项（简称水专项）涉及到京津冀管理技术相关研究内容的项目及课题中提炼关键技术并进行集成,根据技术特点对集成技术从生态水量保障管理技术与政策,基于水资源、水环境、水生态3个方面进行凝练,进一步构建京津冀地区“三水”统筹的流域水质目标管理集成技术体系框架。应用集成技术对京津冀地区重点流域水质目标管理思路的构建展开思考并提出工作建议,以期支撑京津冀地区经济社会与生态环境保护协同发展新形势下水生态环境精细化管理能力提升。

     

壬基酚的环境生物地球化学研究进展及对新污染物管理的建议

近年来,我国大气环境、水环境和土壤环境质量得到一定的改善,“碧水蓝天”已经成为常态.但随着持久性有机污染物、内分泌干扰物、抗生素和微塑料等新污染物在环境中不断被检出,新污染物正逐步受到广泛的关注,壬基酚作为一种典型的内分泌干扰物也备受研究人员的关注.系统地概括了我国水体中壬基酚的环境行为和暴露水平,并基于风险商法和联合概率曲线法对壬基酚可能造成的生态风险进行了评估.结果表明,壬基酚对水生生物的毒性效应主要包括急性毒性、生长发育毒性、雌激素效应和繁殖毒性;壬基酚在我国主要流域水体中普遍存在,其浓度平均值在60～1 000 ng·L^-1,浓度最高值可达4 628 ng·L^-1;基于风险商法和联合概率曲线法的风险评估结果表明,壬基酚对我国主要流域里的水生生物均存在一定的风险.最后,总结了目前比较常用的壬基酚处理处置和风险管控技术,比较了国际上内分泌干扰物的监管方法,针对我国在新污染物环境管理中存在的问题,提出了针对性政策建议,研究结果可以为我国新污染物管理和管控提供参考.