基于改进TOPSIS模型的西部河谷型城市生态安全时空分异及障碍因子诊断

西部河谷型城市生态安全及障碍因子诊断对协调西部地区城市生态环境保护与社会经济产业持续发展具有重要意义。基于PSR模型集成改进TOPSIS和障碍度诊断模型,选取2005-2015年西部地区20个典型河谷型城市为评价单元,对生态安全系统时空演化规律及障碍因子进行实证分析。结果表明:1)西部河谷型城市生态安全水平整体呈上升趋势,但总体处于临界安全级(Ⅲ)水平;2)生态安全呈西高东低、北高南低的空间格局特征,生态安全空间差异性明显,但随着时间推移,各城市生态安全差异有缩小趋势,生态安全水平下降的城市数量在减少,生态安全水平上升的城市数量在增加;3)准则层中用地状态和经济响应是制约生态安全的主要障碍因子,指标层中环保投入占财政支出比重、人均公园绿地面积、人均水资源占有量、人均耕地面积、人均城市道路面积、科技投入占财政支出比重、城镇化水平7项因子成为主要的障碍因子。因城市规模不同,西部河谷型城市生态安全主要障碍因子变化特征不一。     

Strategies to combat desertification for the twenty-first century in China

SUMMARY

During the past half century, China has experienced increasingly severe land degradation, soil erosion, and desert expansion. Desertification is affecting one third of China's total territory and the annual accelerating rate of desertification spread is as high as 2460 km² in China. In 1996, China developed a National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (NAP), which is aimed to apply new legal measures and technical approaches to slow down desertification processes and achieve a long-term goal — control desertification and alleviate poverty through continuous efforts to fight against desertification, stabilize mobile dunes, revegetate degraded rangeland and control soil erosion in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas. The long-term and integrated strategies of China's NAP result in encouragement of social participation, legal institutional guarantees, policy making, and establishment of demonstrations/pilot projects to combat desertification at both national and provincial level.     

Sustainable development frontiers and divides: Transnational actors and US/China greenhouse gas emissions

Perpetuation of the South-North divide over climate change threatens to undermine the sustainability of the planet's vulnerable ecosystems. The current focus of international attention is on the USA and the PRC since both countries are in a position to negate or clinch the global warming mitigation efforts of the rest of the world community and because the two governments are primarily responsible for the entrenched global impasse over greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement. This contribution illustrates how transnational non-state actors, specifically Chinese American transmigrants, can make a difference in surmounting the US-China divide over GHG emissions, even in a time of state stalemate. Specific opportunities to shape sustainable development outcomes are explored by reference to energy efficiency, renewable energy, transportation, GHG capture, and public education projects. The discussion shows that, by teaming up with the NGOs, universities, foundations and firms engaged in or contemplating involvement in GHG emission mitigation projects in China, Chinese Americans from many walks of life who can manoeuvre skilfully along the climate change frontier occupy a potentially decisive position in terms of supporting sustainable development.     

中国森林公园旅游业发展的就业效应分析

发展旅游业是扩大就业的重要渠道。森林公园旅游业是中国森林旅游业的主体。本文首先概述了中国森林公园建设与发展状况,并基于林业统计年鉴数据,分析中国森林公园旅游业发展及直接就业效应,进而采用投入产出法对森林公园旅游业的间接就业效应进行了测算,最后总结全文并提出相关政策建议。研究结果表明:森林公园旅游业持续发展的就业效应可观。测算数据显示,2011-2020年森林公园旅游业的总体就业量为512.1万人,其中直接和间接就业量分别为238.5万人和273.6万人。     

西南地区水库生态环境特征与研究展望

西南是我国水资源富集区,随着清洁能源"西电东送"、城镇化建设和水利水电发展战略的持续实施,西南地区水库的数量将不断被刷新,水库数量快速增长与日益凸显的生态环境问题存在突出矛盾。西南地区水库具有独特的地质地理背景和生态环境特征,主要表现在:1)具人工建造属性,水环境与生态系统演化起点不同于天然湖泊;2)水位逆周期人为调控,消落带生态功能退化;3)亚深水型,水体季节性分层控制了湖泊的关键物理、化学和生物过程;4)沉积物有机质和营养盐蓄积量大,潜在二次污染风险大;5)物质循环的累积效应对水库及下游水环境与水生态安全具重要影响;6)水体富营养化与重金属污染叠加、复合;7)物质循环和生物过程受多界面作用控制。当前对西南地区亚深水型水库生态环境的研究远落后于东部浅水湖泊,亟待对其生态环境演变过程与规律开展深入研究,研究建立与之适宜的水环境演变理论和治理技术体系,为该类型水库生态环境保护与治理提供有效科技支撑。     

Enrichments of Trace Metals in Particulate Matter From the Southern East China Sea, North of Taiwan

This study investigates the distributions and enrichments of trace metals in suspended and sinking particulate matter from southern East China Sea (ECS) north of Taiwan during the period April 1992 to April 1993. According to these results, concentration of suspended particulate matter in the inner shelf of southern China Sea, the upwellinginfluenced shelf break, and in Kuroshio water are 1.30 (surface)-4.2 (bottom) mg1^-1, ca. 0.4 mg1^-1 and 0.1-0.2 mg1^-1, respectively, reflecting various influences of terrestrial inputs. A benthic nepheloid layer (BNL), apparently owing to resuspension of local and/or remote bottom sediments, formed over the shelf region. Temporal variations in trace metal contents and enrichments in suspended matter from the shelf region reflect the variation of metal inputs from Chinese rivers, particularly from the Changjiang runoff. the enriched metals are more likely to be derived from anthropogenic input, rather than from biological accumulation. in addition, a decrease in metal contents and an increase in salinity confirm the transport of suspended particulate metals from the East China Sea shelf to the open ocean. the feature of metal plume in the intermediate layer (550-800m) of Kuroshio water also verifies this occurrence. Moreover, the sinking particles collected from a sediment trap on the upper slope are relatively enriched in lithogenic matter and trace metals, suggesting the deposit of anthropogenic metals in the slope area.     

An inquiry into the potential of scenario analysis for dealing with uncertainty in strategic environmental assessment in China

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inherently needs to address greater levels of uncertainty in the formulation and implementation processes of strategic decisions, compared with project environmental impact assessment. The range of uncertainties includes internal and external factors of the complex system that is concerned in the strategy. Scenario analysis is increasingly being used to cope with uncertainty in SEA. Following a brief introduction of scenarios and scenario analysis, this paper examines the rationale for scenario analysis in SEA in the context of China. The state of the art associated with scenario analysis applied to SEA in China was reviewed through four SEA case analyses. Lessons learned from these cases indicated the word “scenario” appears to be abused and the scenario-based methods appear to be misused due to the lack of understanding of an uncertain future and scenario analysis. However, good experiences were also drawn on, regarding how to integrate scenario analysis into the SEA process in China, how to cope with driving forces including uncertainties, how to combine qualitative scenario storylines with quantitative impact predictions, and how to conduct assessments and propose recommendations based on scenarios. Additionally, the ways to improve the application of this tool in SEA were suggested. We concluded by calling for further methodological research on this issue and more practices.     

The continued operation of businesses after an earthquake: a case study from Lushan County,China

This study performed a comparative analysis of changes in the operating status of initial surviving disaster‐stricken businesses and non‐disaster‐stricken businesses in Lushan County, China, after a devastating earthquake on 20 April 2013. It used a logistic regression model to explore the key factors associated with ‘post‐disaster continued business operation’ in the long term. Field data were collected from 1,078 businesses and questionnaire data from 263 small businesses between 2013 and 2017. The results indicate that a higher proportion of initial surviving disaster‐stricken businesses than non‐disaster‐stricken businesses managed to remain operational in each observation period. The continued operation of disaster‐stricken businesses after the earthquake was positively associated with the owner's age, previous disaster experience, pre‐disaster financial conditions, closure duration, and borrowing money from family or friends. A negative association was found with the size of the business. The findings serve as a vital reference for strategies to promote post‐disaster continued business operation.     

我国能源消耗对人群PM2.5暴露水平的随机影响效应分析

能源燃烧产物是PM2.5暴露水平提高的重要因素,燃烧不同种类的能源对PM2.5形成的影响机理不同,但各类能源消耗量对人群PM2.5暴露水平的影响程度尚不明确.基于2003-2010年的PM2.5质量浓度与煤炭、焦炭、原油、汽油、煤油、柴油、燃料油、天然气和电力消耗数据组成的面板数据,建立了不同种类能源消耗影响我国人群PM25暴露水平的随机效应模型.结果表明,我国2003-2010年多数省(市、自治区)的年均PM2.5质量浓度超过了世界卫生组织的标准.在研究时间段内,不同种类能源消耗量对人群PM2.5暴露水平的影响具有较大差异,煤炭、焦炭、汽油和煤油消耗对人群PM2.5暴露水平具有正影响,其中,正向影响最大的为焦炭消耗量,表明工业消耗焦炭对形成PM2.5的促进作用比较明显;与焦炭消耗量具有相近的影响效果的因素是汽油消耗,表明改进机动车和航空燃油技术同样非常重要;原油、柴油、燃料油、天然气和电力消耗对人群PM2.5暴露水平具有负影响,其中负向影响最大的为电力消耗量,表明电力作为一种清洁能源,有利于降低人群PM2.5暴露水平.     

2015年5-6月国内环境事件

简要统计了2015年5-6月国内发生的各种环境事件118起,包括沙尘天气7起,污染事件14起,地震40起,山体滑坡和泥石流25起,旱灾2起以及其他自然灾害30起.