Environmental impacts of a large-scale incinerator with mixed MSW of high water content from a LCA perspective

Large-scale incinerators are applied widely as a result of the heavy burden of municipal solid waste(MSW) generated, while strong opposition is arising from the public living nearby. A large-scale working incineration plant of 1500 ton/day was chosen for evaluation using life cycle assessment. It was found that the corresponding human toxicity impacts via soil(HTs), human toxicity impacts via water(HTw) and human toxicity impacts via air(HTa)categories are 0.213, 2.171, and 0.012 personal equivalents(PE), and global warming(GW100)and nutrient enrichment(NE) impacts are 0.002 and 0.001 PE per ton of waste burned for this plant. Heavy metals in flue gas, such as Hg and Pb, are the two dominant contributors to the toxicity impact categories, and energy recovery could reduce the GW100 and NE greatly. The corresponding HTs, HTw and HTa decrease to 0.087, 0.911 and 0.008 PE, and GW100 turns into savings of- 0.007 PE due to the increase of the heating value from 3935 to5811 k J/kg, if a trommel screener of 40 mm mesh size is used to pre-separate MSW. MSW sorting and the reduction of water content by physical pressure might be two promising pre-treatment methods to improve the combustion performance, and the application of stricter standards for leachate discharge and the flue gas purification process are two critical factors for improvement of the environmental profile identified in this work.     

Vehicular volatile organic compounds losses due to refueling and diurnal process in China: 2010–2050

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to control air pollution in major Chinese cities since VOCs are the dominant factor influencing ambient ozone level, and also an important precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Vehicular evaporative emissions have become a major and growing source of VOC emissions in China. This study consists of lab tests, technology evaluation, emissions modeling, policy projections and cost-benefit analysis to draw a roadmap for China for controlling vehicular evaporative emissions. The analysis suggests that evaporative VOC emissions from China's light-duty gasoline vehicles were approximately 185,000 ton in 2010 and would peak at 1,200,000 ton in 2040 without control. The current control strategy implemented in China, as shown in business as usual (BAU) scenario, will barely reduce the long-term growth in emissions. Even if Stage II gasoline station vapor control policies were extended national wide (BAU + extended Stage II), there would still be over 400,000 ton fuel loss in 2050. In contrast, the implementation of on-board refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) on new cars could reduce 97.5% of evaporative VOCs by 2050 (BAU + ORVR/BAU + delayed ORVR). According to the results, a combined Stage II and ORVR program is a comprehensive solution that provides both short-term and long-term benefits. The net cost to achieve the optimal total evaporative VOC control is approximately 62 billion CNY in 2025 and 149 billion CNY in 2050.     

Economic analysis of atmospheric mercury emission control for coal-fired power plants in China

Coal combustion and mercury pollution are closely linked, and this relationship is particularly relevant in China, the world's largest coal consumer. This paper begins with a summary of recent China-specific studies on mercury removal by air pollution control technologies and then provides an economic analysis of mercury abatement from these emission control technologies at coal-fired power plants in China. This includes a cost-effectiveness analysis at the enterprise and sector level in China using 2010 as a baseline and projecting out to 2020 and 2030. Of the control technologies evaluated, the most cost-effective is a fabric filter installed upstream of the wet flue gas desulfurization system (FF + WFGD). Halogen injection (HI) is also a cost-effective mercury-specific control strategy, although it has not yet reached commercial maturity. The sector-level analysis shows that 193 tons of mercury was removed in 2010 in China's coal-fired power sector, with annualized mercury emission control costs of 2.7 billion Chinese Yuan. Under a projected 2030 Emission Control (EC) scenario with stringent mercury limits compared to Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, the increase of selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) and the use of HI could contribute to 39 tons of mercury removal at a cost of 3.8 billion CNY. The economic analysis presented in this paper offers insights on air pollution control technologies and practices for enhancing atmospheric mercury control that can aid decision-making in policy design and private-sector investments.     

中国地区多溴联苯醚在不同环境介质中的监测进展

多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)为一类新型的溴代阻燃剂,广泛应用于塑料制品、纺织品、电路板和建筑材料等领域。随着生产量和使用量的增加,PBDEs已造成全球环境污染,其带来的环境问题已引起各国关注。同时PBDEs的长距离迁移性和难降解性,使其在环境介质中进行富集,从而加重污染。归纳了中国地区PBDEs的监测进展,分别从大气、水体、沉积物和土壤中PBDEs的污染水平以及原因进行了分析和探讨。在此基础上,对于我国PBDEs的研究方向提出了展望。     

近47年来东北地区典型开垦型农场气候变化特征分析研究

利用1964年-2010年气象资料,采用回归分析和滑动t检验等方法,分析中国东北地区典型开垦型农场气温和降水量的变化特征。结果显示：47年来,八五九农场气温在波动中呈显著上升趋势,年均气温线性倾向率为0.14℃/10 a;年降水量也在波动中呈现上升趋势,其线性倾向率为7.51 mm/10 a。滑动t检验结果表明,20世纪70年代末期是八五九农场气温明显由冷向暖转变的分界点;而年降水量在70年代末期由少向多发生较为显著的变化。     

在用机动车环保管理——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第Ⅳ部分）

环境保护部日前发布《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况。本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载关于在用机动车环保管理的内容,以飨读者。该年报指出,2012年,全国参加环保定期检验的汽车共有5561．7万辆,占全国汽车保有量的51．3％。天津、重庆、等61个城市汽车环保定期检验率达到80％以上。截至2012年底,全国累计核发环保检验合格标志5981．3万枚,标志发放率达到55．2％。天津市、长春、南京、杭州等32个城市机动车环保检验合格标志发放率达到90％以上。截至2012年底,北京、重庆、天津、辽宁、江苏、内蒙古、陕西、山西、安徽、四川10省（自治区、直辖市）环境保护部门成立了专门的省级机动车环保监管机构;长春、南京、青岛等84个城市组建了相应的市级机动车环保监管机构,与2010年相比、全国共增加机动车专职监管机构27个。2012年,天津市、河北省、四川省政府出台了省级机动车污染防治管理办法;呼和浩特市人大通过了机动车污染防治条例;邢台、晋城、佳木斯等市政府出台了机动车污染防治政府规章。     

我国《地表水环境质量标准》历次修订概要及启示

针对目前我国地表水环境质量标准制制修订现状,从水域功能划分、标准项目、标准限值等主要内容及发展历程进行回顾梳理;从健康风险管理角度出发,总结经验并对我国《地表水环境质量标准》制修订工作提出建议。     

黄海和东海海域溶解铋地球化学分布特征

结合大面调查,典型断面剖析及关键站位连续观测结果,研究了黄海和东海海域溶解铋的含量水平,时空分布特征及与生态环境的耦合关系,探讨其主要来源和影响因素.结果表明,表层海水溶解铋含量在0~0.029μg·L-1之间,平均值为0.008μg·L-1;底层海水浓度稍高,介于0.001~0.189μg·L-1之间,平均值为0.016μg·L-1.水平方向上,溶解铋低值分布与盐度所示长江冲淡水双支扩散特征吻合,表明其可示踪长江冲淡水路径;高值出现在黄海暖流和苏北沿岸流途经之处及长江冲淡水与沿浙闽沿岸水交汇之处,表明其分布受控于海流系统循环.垂直方向上,水体对流和涡动混合使近岸海水均匀混合,陆架区强潮混合锋面将近岸垂向混合区和离岸层化海水区分隔,阻挡了溶解铋向外输运,使锋区内溶解铋含量明显高于外海.周日内,溶解铋变化主要与潮汐、再悬浮作用和温盐跃层等海域特定水动力条件密切相关,与温度,盐度等环境因素波动尚未呈现明显关系.溶解铋与悬浮颗粒物显著正相关,表明其易从固相释放至水体,并确定由颗粒态转化为溶解态的最佳温度(22~27℃)、盐度(28~31)和pH(7.9~8.1).     

Evaluation of the economic and environmental impact of converting cropland to forest: a case study in Dunhua county, China

The Sloping Land Conversion Program (also known as "Grain for Green" or the Upland Conversion Program) for converting cropland to forest is one of China's most ambitious environmental initiatives, and is one of the world's largest land-conservation programs with a budget of RMB 337 billion (over US$ 40 billion). Although environmental impacts have played a vital role in the general reasoning and argumentation for forest plantations, environmental impact analyses have often received less attention than economic analyses in the planning of plantation forestry projects. The overall goal of this paper is to evaluate the program's environmental impact considering the farmer's interests and the potential social benefits due to carbon sequestration in different scenarios based on household and field survey data in Dunhua County. Our findings are that: (1) in many cases, the program did not give adequate consideration to land productivity and environmental heterogeneity when selecting plots; (2) more than half of the reforestation plots were on flat cropland (slopes of less than 5 degrees ); (3) in five of the eight townships, net incomes on reforested land were substantially above or below previous crop incomes, raising questions about the efficiency of the allocation of compensation to farmers participating in the program; (4) the potential carbon co-benefit increased the NPV of the program by 5954-7009 RMB/ha. In conclusion, we recommend that more attention should be paid to the quality of reforestation programs rather than just their scale and note that consideration of potential carbon sequestration co-benefits enhances the benefits of cropland conversion programs.     

2005年11-12月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年11-12月国内发生的各种环境事件47起,包括沙尘天气1起,污染事件25起,地震7起,山体滑坡和泥石流5起,以及其他自然灾害9起.最后对统计结果进行了讨论.