China's water scarcity

China has been facing increasingly severe water scarcity, especially in the northern part of the country. China's water scarcity is characterized by insufficient local water resources as well as reduced water quality due to increasing pollution, both of which have caused serious impacts on society and the environment. Three factors contribute to China's water scarcity: uneven spatial distribution of water resources; rapid economic development and urbanization with a large and growing population; and poor water resource management. While it is nearly impossible to adjust the first two factors, improving water resource management represents a cost-effective option that can alleviate China's vulnerability to the issue. Improving water resource management is a long-term task requiring a holistic approach with constant effort. Water right institutions, market-based approaches, and capacity building should be the government's top priority to address the water scarcity issue.     

中美校园安全文化对比研究

通过安全文化、校园安全文化的结构层次理论综述及校园安全的影响因素剖析,提出校园安全文化5层次理论,即心态安全文化层、行为安全文化层、制度安全文化层、物态安全文化层、和谐安全文化层,为科学构建和谐校园提供理论支撑。依据校园安全文化5层次理论对中美校园安全文化进行比较分析,其结果显示,中美两国校园安全文化表现为差异性与趋同性,两国校园安全文化在一定时期内可以保持一定的稳定性,但随着两国文化交流的逐步深入,其差异性正在缩小,出现相互融合的良性发展趋势。从建设和谐社会的实践角度来看,笔者提出建设和谐校园对形成具有中国特色的校园安全文化具有重大的推进作用。     

中美环境污染事故应急预案编制指南比较研究

重点选取中国和美国典型的应急预案编制指南为依据,根据基本情况调查、事故现场调查、应急响应、应急培训和演习等视角分析二者的相似之处,从编制详细程度、私人组织响应、家庭通信系统、信息公开等方面识别出中国相关应急预案编制指南中存在的主要问题。借鉴美国应急预案编制指南中适合于中国国情的经验,建议应急预案编制指南要详细具体,重视疏散路线和安置场所,将私人响应组织列入预案编制指南相关内容中,同时加强信息对社会和媒体的公开。     

污染区大气中多氯联苯的表征与分布研究初探

通过采集并分析污染区大气及大气颗粒物中PCBs的含量,揭示了污染区空气中PCBs的残留量,讨论了各样品中PCBs的组成及分布,气相样品中可检出的PCBs总浓度在19 1-641ng·m-3,颗粒物中可检出的PCBs同类物总浓度为0.191-0.373μg·g -1. 并对气相与颗粒物PCBs浓度的关系进行了初步探讨.对同类物分布的研究表明,无论气态还是大气颗粒物中低氯代的PCBs同类物都是其主要成份.     

城市空气质量的管理

根据“城市空气质量管理,欧盟和中国的实践与经验”国际会专家的发言,整理出有关中国城市空气质量管理的１０条建议,城市空气质量管理工作要加强其有生的评估,环保立法 和标准工作要体现先进性,发挥引导作用,城市空气质量管理要有科学研究的支持增强科学性;城市空气质量管理要有区域性的观点,城市质量管理要有前瞻性;城市质量要贯彻可持续发展战略,环保部门负责做好;空气质量管理,积极参与空气的污染治理,深化空气质量     

伊犁河(中国段)水质模糊综合分析

根据伊犁河 (中国段 )多年水质监测资料 ,运用模糊数学方法分析伊犁河水质模糊综合指数的时空分布特征及其相关关系 ,掌握了伊犁河 (中国段 )水质现状和污染状况。     

中国建设占用耕地与经济增长的退耦研究

采用退耦研究方法，探讨了近年来中国建设占用耕地与经济增长之间的退耦关系。并归纳其空间分异特点，进而对中国最严格耕地保护政策的实施效果进行了评价。研究结果表明，1998—2005年中国及其多数省份建设占用耕地规模已呈现相对于经济增长、城镇化发展以及总人口增长的退耦过程。在空间上，耕地占用相对于经济增长的退耦程度呈现中部大于西部，西部大于东部的特征；相对于城镇化水平增长的退耦程度呈现中部大于西部．西部略大于东部的特征；相对于总人口增长的退耦程度则呈现东部大于中部．中部大于西部的特征。研究表明近年来中国最严格耕地保护政策实施的积极效果已逐渐显现，经济增长、城镇化和人口增长驱动下的耕地占用压力已有所缓解。     

2008年9—10月国内环境事件

简要统计了2008年9-10月国内发生的各种环境事件75起,包括沙尘天气2起,污染事件25起,地震15起,山体滑坡和泥石流16起,旱灾3起以及其他自然灾害14起.     

Anthropogenic metal cycles in China

The flows and stocks of seven important industrial metals were characterized for mainland China for several years in the dynamically changing decade of 1994–2004. One-year snapshot cycles are provided for chromium, nickel, and silver. For copper, zinc, lead, and iron, multiple-year cycles have been completed; they demonstrate that the flows of these metals into use in China doubled between 2000 and 2004. Although the Chinese per capita flows from production to disposal are mostly shown to be below the global average rate, they are increasing or are expected to increase dramatically. The metal resource efficiency is evaluated for several indicators of material flow analysis; these metrics for China are also below the global average values. The research quantitatively illustrates that China’s metal cycles may pose significant resource and environmental challenges in terms of their magnitudes and potential for growth.     

Eco-health evaluation for the Shanghai metropolitan area during the recent industrial transformation (1990-2003)

Shanghai is a cosmopolitan city and one of the most important economic centers in China, but is saddled with serious environmental problems resulting from a recent industrial transformation. This paper examines the interactive relationships between economic growth, eco-efficiency of urban metabolism, and environmental performance of the Shanghai metropolitan area since the 1990s using 15 indicators. This study has revealed an enhanced eco-efficiency of water and energy use as well as an improved overall environmental quality in the central urban districts of Shanghai. Both TGDP (total GDP) and GDP per capita increased rapidly at the annual rate of 16.28% and 15.91%, respectively. In contrast, energy consumed per 10000RMB YUAN GDP (ECG), water consumed per 10000RMB YUAN GDP (WCG), wastewater discharged per 10000RMB YUAN GDP (WWDG), and waste gases emitted per 10000RMB YUAN GDP (WGEG) decreased at the annual rate of 9.34%, 10.69%, 14.57%, and 8.52%, respectively. The rapid decline in ECG, WCG, WWDG, and WGEG indicates an enhanced eco-efficiency of urban metabolism. However, uncontrolled emission of wastes from domestic instead of industrial sources adversely affected the overall environmental quality. In addition, suburban areas have undergone rapid economic growth at the cost of human health deterioration, as measured by mortalities and relative mortality ratios of three major diseases (tumor, respiratory disease, and trauma/toxicosis). With Shanghai serving as the "locomotive" driving the economy of the Yangtze River Basin, effective pollution control policies and a network of regional coordination are urgently needed in the globalization and ecological security of the entire area.