冬小麦品种抗霜力鉴定与霜冻害防御新对策

冬小麦发育进入拔节期和出现霜冻低温是形成其霜冻害的两个要素。霜冻低温的出现主要与气候因素有关。而拔节期的早晚则受初春气温、播种期和选用品种等多种因素的影响。影响品种抗霜力的重要因素是幼穗分化时期。品种抗霜力的鉴定必须在相同的幼穗分化期,建议在药隔期进行。品种的抗霜力还与第1茎节的长度有关,而与抗冻力和叶片可溶性糖含量的相关性不显著。通过研究,提出了下列抗霜对策:在把握地区霜冻温度出现规律的基础上,合理规划抗霜品种与避霜品种的布局;通过常规育种和基因工程手段,改良品种的抗霜力;通过遗传操作磷脂酶D基因,改良冬小麦的抗霜性。     

底墒对小麦根冠生长及土壤水分利用的影响

在中国气象局固城农业气象试验基地大型水分试验场,进行了不同底墒处理对冬小麦根冠生长发育、产量构成因子和土壤水分利用影响的试验,不同底墒处理对应的播种时的土壤相对湿度分别为:>80％,75％～80％,70％～75％,65％～70％和<65％。结果表明:底墒对冬小麦的根、茎、叶等有不同程度的影响,其中对根的影响尤为显著。充足的底墒能够促进根系对土壤水分和养分的吸收,提高土壤水分利用率,使收获时土壤残留水分减少,扩充了土壤水库的库容,使其能够在汛期到来时,接纳蓄存更多的降水,充分发挥土壤水库的调控功能。叶的生长发育与底墒之间也存在明显的相关关系,底墒与叶面积指数存在着显著的幂函数关系;底墒对总穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和地上总干物重等有显著影响,小麦的穗粒重和底墒有显著的二次曲线(抛物线)关系,由此求得最佳底墒为85.37％(占田间持水量百分比)。     

STUDY OF THE LAW AND INFLUENCE FACTORS OF WINTER FREEZE INJURY IN GUANGXI

Thetemperatureiscrucialenvironmentalconditionforcrop'sgrowthandtoohighortoolowtemperatureisharmfultocrop'sgrowth.Guangxiliesinthetransitionbeltbetweensubtropicalareaandtropicalareawheretherearefavourableconditionsforplantingcropsandfruitsofsubtropicalandtropicalareas.Especially,inrecentyearswiththeeconomicdevelop mentofcountryandlargelyplantingoffruitsandanti seasonalvegetables,Guangxihasbecomemainfruits producingareaandcrops producingareaintropicalandsubtropicalareas.Thein vadingofcoldwaveinw…     

小麦秸杆对水中Pb（2＋）和Cd（2＋）的吸附特性

以农业废弃物小麦秸杆为吸附材料,探讨了小麦秸杆对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的吸附特性,重点研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、溶液pH值等对小麦秸杆吸附Pb2＋、Cd2＋的影响.结果表明,溶液pH值对吸附的影响大,在pH 2.0～6.0范围内,吸附量随溶液初始pH值的升高而升高.小麦秸杆吸附Pb2＋、Cd2＋的速度快,吸附动力学过程可以...     

土壤中佳乐麝香和镉污染对苗期小麦生长及其污染物积累的影响

选用潮土和褐土2种理化性质不同的土壤,采用室外盆栽实验,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)为供试植物,研究了佳乐麝香(HHCB)和镉(Cd)复合污染对小麦植株生物量及污染物在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响.结果表明,在2种土壤中小麦植株地上和地下部分的干重变化顺序均为,单一HHCB污染土壤＞HHCB-Cd复合污染土壤＞单一Cd污染土壤.潮土中HHCB在小麦植株各部分的累积量高于褐土,且潮土中Cd对HHCB在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响与褐土中不同.潮土中的单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积量顺序为：根＞茎＞叶;Cd能够显著促进HHCB在小麦根部的累积,而对HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积则起抑制作用,抑制率最高可达44.07%.褐土中单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎和叶中的累积顺序为：根>叶>茎;Cd对HHCB在小麦根部累积的影响不显著,但是中高浓度Cd却可显著促进HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积,促进率最高可达35.95%.潮土中Cd在小麦植株各部分的累积量低于褐土,但2种土壤中HHCB均能够明显促进Cd在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积.潮土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为30.84%、61.82% 和61.82%,褐土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为 41.53%、184.16% 和206.18%,可见褐土中HHCB对Cd在小麦植株中累积的促进作用强于潮土.     

北方冬季采暖能源使用现状及节能对策

以沈阳市东陵区的取暖能源使用现状及可再生能源推广为例,以集中和分散采暖能源种类、用量、存在困难为突破口。采取问卷调研的方式,对北方冬季采暖能源使用现状进行了探讨,根据调研数据分析,为推广可再生能源、发展节能低碳经济提出建议和对策。     

黄淮地区冬小麦霜冻灾害风险评估

黄淮地区是我国主要粮食作物冬小麦的主产区,易受霜冻灾害的影响,研究该区的霜冻灾害风险对保障我国粮食安全具有现实意义。结合分区的冬小麦物候期及其霜冻指标,以该地区56个气象站点1951—2005年日最低气温为基础数据,提取霜冻日记录。并基于年霜日数-年减产率曲线,以信息扩散理论为指导,通过IDW插值得到减产率≥10%、2...     

小麦/苜蓿套作条件下菲污染土壤理化性质的动态变化

土壤理化性质是影响污染土壤植物修复效果和修复后土壤适耕性的重要因素.以菲为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,采用植物土培和室内分析试验探讨了菲污染土壤小麦/苜蓿套作修复过程中土壤理化性质的动态变化.结果表明,种植植物明显提高了菲污染土壤pH,最大升高幅度可达0.61;相同菲污染水平条件下,套作处理土壤pH与单作处理差异不显著...     

HRT对含麦秸废水两相厌氧处理中产酸相的影响

采用间歇试验的方法对不同HRT条件下,两相厌氧工艺处理含麦秸的低浓度废水的产酸相进行了研究。分别考察了HRT为3 h、4 h、6 h和8 h时,有麦秸反应器和无麦秸反应器中的pH、COD、氨氮、VFA的变化情况。试验结果表明：在四种HRT条件下,除第一周期外有麦秸反应器的出水pH始终要低于无麦秸反应器的出水pH,而有麦秸反应器的出水COD、VFA要始终高于无麦秸反应器的出水COD、VFA,且添加麦秸会明显增加反应器前三个周期的出水氨氮浓度。HRT为3 h、4 h、6 h和8 h的有麦秸反应器的第一周期出水COD浓度分别比进水COD浓度增加了1.34倍、1.04倍、1.18倍和0.96倍。在有麦秸反应器中,HRT为3 h、4 h和8 h之间的酸化率相差不大,而在无麦秸反应器中,HRT为4 h的酸化率要大于3 h、6 h、8 h的酸化率。HRT从3 h增加到8 h不会对有麦秸反应器的pH环境有太大的影响,也不会使有麦秸反应器的出水COD浓度得到明显的增加。     

Response of winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass to fertilization with ridge mulching-furrow planting in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau北大核心CSCD

As the typical planting pattern of winter wheat in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau, ridge mulching-furrow planting (RMFP) has played an important role in fertilizer efficiency of different fertilizers, and the differences in fertilizer efficiency further influence the diversity of the structure of soil microbial communities. The effects of different fertilization practices on winter wheat yield formation, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and soil microbial biomass phosphorus (SMBP) were investigated by field experiments during 2014-2016 in the winter wheat growing region of the dry highlands in southern Shanxi. The treatments included four groups, farmer fertilization (FF), monitoring fertilization (MF), monitoring fertilization combined application of manure (MFM), and monitoring fertilization combined application of bio-organic fertilizer (MFB). Results showed a significant increase in winter wheat yield by optimized and balanced fertilization, and the grain yield of MFB was highest among all treatments, with a value of 4 107-5 400 kg/hm2, which was 14.5%-23.2% (P < 0.05) higher than that of FF. The effects of different fertilization treatments on the winter wheat yield formulation mainly depended on spike number; however, no effect was found on kernel number per spike and 1 000-grain weight. Soil microbial biomass was affected by both growth period and fertilization patterns, i.e., the content of SMBC from jointing to flowering stage was highest during the winter wheat growth period, whereas the maximum values of SMBN and SMCP were found during the jointing stage. Changes in the rates of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP during the entire growth period were less than 50%; however, the average contribution rate of optimized fertilization on SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP reached 90%. Compared to single chemical fertilizer applications, the combined application chemical fertilizer and manure or bio-organic fertilizer significantly improved the contents of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP; however, the contents of SMBC and SMBN between MFM and MFB had no significant difference, whereas the SMBP of MFB was 19.8%-47.1% (P < 0.05) higher than that of MFM owing to the effect of mixed phosphorus bacteria. The soil microbial biomass C/N and C/P of the different treatments were 6.9-9.8 and 14.4-41.0, respectively, and maximum values occurred during the flowering stage. Given the above, the combined application of reasonable chemical fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer can effectively improve the winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass under RMFP cultivation in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.