麦季施用不同尿素的氮排水和渗漏损失

在太湖地区乌栅土的稻麦轮作条件下,利用大型原状土柱渗漏液采集器(monolithlysimeter),比较不同尿素品种和施肥量(普通尿素150、300kg·hm-2和包膜尿素100、150kg·hm-2)处理对麦季土壤氮随径流和渗漏损失的影响。结果表明:施用的包膜尿素当季氮不易随排水流失,但可能增加下季氮流失的风险。两麦季排水溶解氮均以NO-3 N为主,达76.7%以上,NH+4 N比例很小;麦季排水氮输出量年际差异明显,降雨产生排水与施肥时间间隔的不同是造成排水氮输出量差异的关键因素;施肥后20d内发生排水易产生较多的氮排放。渗漏液硝态氮浓度(最高为8.12mg·L-1)均未超过饮用水NO-3 N含量标准,但均已超过水体富营养化标准;对照处理麦季渗漏液量显著高于施肥处理;在150kg·hm-2的施N量水平下,普通尿素或包膜尿素均未显著增加氮的渗漏,但过量施用普通尿素则加大氮渗漏的风险。     

Cd、Cu单一污染对小麦体内活性氧消除系统影响

采用溶液培养法,研究不同浓度Cd、Cu单一污染对小麦SOD、POD、CAT活性及MDA含量的影响。结果表明:(1)SOD和CAT活性对Cd胁迫反应较敏感,而POD活性变化不大,叶片中有效的活性氧自由基清除系统的平衡被打破,MDA含量增加;(2)Cu胁迫下,小麦叶片中MDA含量的变化趋势与根部的相反,在Cu处理浓度为25、50mg/L时,叶片中有效的活性氧自由基清除系统的平衡未被打破,MDA含量保持在较低的水平;而根部恰好相反,该系统出现了失衡现象,MDA含量偏高。     

In vivo assessment of plant extracts for control of plant diseases: A sesquiterpene ketolactone isolated from Curcuma zedoaria suppresses wheat leaf rust

As an alternative to synthetic pesticides, natural materials such as plant extracts and microbes have been considered to control plant diseases. In this study, methanol extracts of 120 plants were explored for in vivo antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia triticina, and Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Of the 120 plant extracts, eight plant extracts exhibited a disease control efficacy of more than 90% against at least one of five plant diseases. In particular, a methanol extract of Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes exhibited strong activity against wheat leaf rust caused by P. triticina. When the C. zedoaria methanol extracts were partitioned with various solvents, the layers of n-hexane, methylene chloride, and ethyl acetate showed disease control values of 100, 80, and 43%, respectively, against wheat leaf rust. From the C. zedoaria rhizome extracts, an antifungal substance was isolated and identified as a sesquiterpene ketolactone based on the mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. The active compound controlled the development of rice sheath blight, wheat leaf rust, and tomato late blight. Considering the in vivo antifungal activities of the sesquiterpene ketolactone and the C. zedoaria extracts, these results suggest that C. zedoaria can be used as a potent fungicide in organic agriculture.     

2015—2017年江苏省秋、冬季空气质量状况

采用2015—2017年秋、冬季江苏省环境空气质量监测数据,从空气质量优良(达标)率、首要污染物、主要污染物浓度分析空气质量现状及特点。结果表明,江苏省秋、冬季空气质量优良(达标)率在60%左右,其中沿海地区空气质量达标率最高(71.1%),西北地区达标率最差(52.2%)。污染日的首要污染物主要为PM 2.5,占比高达91.5%。ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM 10)存在地区差异,江苏西北地区扬尘源贡献较大,江苏南部地区的二次颗粒物贡献更明显。ρ(NO2)/ρ(SO2)逐年持续升高,表明大气污染类型从燃煤性污染转变为复合型污染。     

燃煤电厂氟对灰场复垦土壤和农作物的影响

以燃用高氟煤的安徽省淮北电厂为例,研究了电厂排放的氟对灰场土壤和小麦的影响。结果表明：部分灰场土壤和小麦受到氟污染,灰场土壤污染程度与灰场覆盖年限的长短、大气中氟浓度显著相关,灰场小麦氟污染主要来自大气中的氟     

UV—B辐射对田间春小麦生物量和产量的影响

研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下,模拟ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射（ＵＶ—Ｂ,２８０～３１５ｎｍ）增强对春小麦生物量累积和产量的影响及评估。ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射导致叶、茎、根、穗生物量和总生物量累积降低,生物量分配改变,籽粒产量降低。５．３１ｋＪ／ｍ２ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射处理还明显降低收获指数。模型分析表明,ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射降低总生物量累积速率,总生物量随ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射增加而降低。预测模型表明,１０％和２０％的臭氧衰减导致的ＵＶ—Ｂ辐射增加使籽粒产量、叶和穗生物量明显降低,而根生物量降低较小。     

镉胁迫下外源壳聚糖对小麦幼苗生理特性、抗氧化能力及镉吸收的影响

为探究壳聚糖（CTS）缓解小麦幼苗镉（Cd）毒害的机制,通过水培试验,以百农207小麦为试验材料,研究外源壳聚糖对Cd胁迫下小麦幼苗的生理特性、抗氧化能力和Cd积累的影响,并利用偏最小二乘（PLS）回归模型定量分析幼苗各理化指标与镉积累量间的关系.结果表明,相较于CK,10 μmol·L^-1和25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫显著抑制了小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素）、光合作用和生物量的积累,使得幼苗根系变短变粗且侧根减少,同时改变了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,增加了H₂ O₂ 和丙二醛（MDA）的积累.镉胁迫下,外源壳聚糖使小麦幼苗茎叶和根系镉含量分别降低13.22 %~21.63 %和7.92 %~28.32 %,镉积累量分别降低5.37 %~6.71 %和1.91 %~4.09 %.不同镉水平下,外源壳聚糖使小麦根系和茎叶中H₂ O₂ 含量显著降低了38.21 %~47.46 %和45.81 %~55.73 %,MDA 含量显著降低了37.65 %~48.12 %和29.87 %~32.51 %;根系中SOD和POD 含量分别提高2.78 %~5.61 %和13.81 %~18.33 %.外源壳聚糖可通过提高Cd胁迫下小麦幼苗的光合特征和抗氧化酶活性的方式,降低小麦地上部和根部的Cd含量与积累量,减轻细胞膜脂质的过氧化程度,进而缓解Cd胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的毒害作用.     

铝对小麦的毒性及小麦抗铝机理

为探讨铝对植物的毒作用以及植物抗铝机理,研究了酸性条件下(pH4.4)铝胁迫对小麦的铝抗性品系TAM202和铝敏感品系TAM105的根和叶细胞内的一些生理生化指标的影响以及小麦对不同形态铝的吸收.结果表明,小麦主要吸收单核铝,抗性品系小麦TAM202吸收铝较少;在低浓度铝作用下TAM202培养后其营养液pH值显著升高;在不同浓度铝作用下,铝敏感品系TAM105叶片中的脯氨酸含量显著升高,表明铝对TAM202的叶片影响小于对TAM105的影响.2个品系小麦根细胞壁的组分含量在铝胁迫下发生变化.在75μmol·L^-1铝作用下,TAM202中细胞壁的蛋白及己糖和糖醛酸的含量均升高,表明铝可能促进细胞壁成分的合成,对植物抗铝发挥一定的作用.     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.     

Preparation1 and utilization of wheat straw anionic sorbent for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution

In order to reduce the impact of eutrophication caused by agricultural residues (i.e. excess nitrate) in aqueous solution, economic and effective anionic sorbents are required. In this article, we prepared anionic sorbent using wheat straw. Its structural characteristics and adsorption properties for nitrate removal from aqueous solution were investigated. The results indicate that the yield of the prepared anionic sorbent, the total exchange capacity, and the maximum adsorption capacity were 350%, 2.57 mEq/g, and 2.08 mmol/g, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm mode is more suitable than the Langmuir mode and the adsorption process accords with the first order reaction kinetic rate equation. When multiple anions (SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-, and NO2-) were present, the isotherm mode of prepared anionic sorbent for nitrate was consistent with Freundlich mode; however, the capacity of nitrate adsorption was reduced by 50%. In alkaline solutions, about 90% of adsorbed nitrate ions could be desorbed from prepared anionic sorbent. The results of this study confirmed that the wheat straw anionic sorbent can be used as an excellent nitrate sorbent that removes nitrate from aqueous solutions.