麦田O3浓度的长期变化及其对冬小麦干物质和产量损失的估算

近地层臭氧污染及其对作物产量和粮食安全的负面效应已成为国内外广泛关注的焦点之一.利用2014~2016年冬小麦主要生长季期间臭氧浓度和气象因子观测资料,分析了麦田臭氧浓度、AOT40的变化特征.根据Pleijel等2007年修正的气孔导度模型,模拟了冬小麦气孔导度的变化,并与实测值进行对比验证,同时结合通量模型,计算了冬小麦气孔臭氧通量.此外,利用前期课题组建立的模型,估算了臭氧对冬小麦干物质累积和产量的影响.结果表明:臭氧浓度在冬小麦生长季期间从前期到后期逐渐增加,并呈现明显的单峰型日变化特征.从2014~2016年的每年3月1日~5月31日,平均臭氧浓度分别为36.2、37.7和33.6 n L·L~(-1),AOT40值分别为17.08、17.90和11.84μL·(L·h)~(-1).Javis气孔导度模型可以用来模拟本地区冬小麦的气孔导度,模型解释了实测气孔导度81%的变异性.2014~2016年冬小麦气孔臭氧吸收通量分别为9.36、9.32和8.65 mmol·m~(-2).在近3年臭氧浓度平均水平下,近地层臭氧会使冬小麦产量减少18.03%,干物质累积减少19.31%.     

麦秸强化石油烃污染耕地水浸洗盐过程及场地试验

针对油田产出水导致的含油盐污染耕地的生物强化修复,提出在土壤耕作层和主体层间填埋麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和抑制毛细返盐.结果表明,土壤中石油烃的浓度高于1.5% (质量分数)时会导致其疏水性增高而使得水浸润困难.添加5% (质量分数) 麦秸可使含油3.3%(质量分数)的盐污染土壤脱盐率从3%提高到25%,并可抑制毛细返盐.在中原油田实施了6 400　m²的现场实验,在耕作层(距地表25　cm)构建麦秸层,采用井水以及雨水进行洗盐,50 d后耕作层土壤电导率达到正常耕地水平的面积比例由17%提高到80%,Na⁺和Cl^-浓度分别从1 642.5 mg·kg^-1和1 301.2 mg·kg^-1下降到499.3 mg·kg^-1和433.8 mg·kg^-1.修复地块的小麦产量达正常耕地的72%,而对比地块仅为12%.说明添加麦秸可强化油盐混合污染耕地的水浸洗盐并抑制“毛细返盐".该方法操作便捷易行,在油盐混合污染耕地修复中具有很好的应用前景.     

Toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide on the wheat seedlings

The toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) on wheat seedlings were evaluated. Wheat seedlings were cultivated in aqueous solution with [C8mim]Br at di erent concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg/L). The contents of photosynthetic pigment and proline, peroxidation of membrane lipid, and activities of antioxidation enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) in leaves were measured on day 7 after treatment with [C8mim]Br. The results showed that [C8mim]Br significantly decreased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, activities of antioxidant enzymes in the wheat leaves and in dry weight of seedlings, while increased the proline content and membrane lipid peroxidation. The results suggested that [C8mim]Br can inhibit photosynthesis and lead to oxidative stress to wheat seedlings.     

小麦根际优势菌对畜禽用抗生素的敏感性研究

文章通过培养的方法分析了小麦根际微生物的群落结构以及对常用畜禽用抗生素的敏感性,研究结果表明,小麦根际土壤微生物总数为5.251×108cfu/g,其中细菌占绝对优势,占总菌数的99.04%,放线菌占0.09%,真菌占0.06%。从中分离出10株优势细菌,经过分子生物学鉴定均与芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)亲缘关系较近。这10株优势菌对土霉素和四环素的敏感性研究结果表明,大部分菌株对土霉素的敏感性高于四环素,不同的菌株对同一种抗生素的敏感性差异较大。10株菌对土霉素的敏感浓度在10～100μg/L之间,对四环素的敏感浓度在100～500μg/L之间。     

麦草浆黑液固形物热解特性及动力学研究

通过热重分析实验和固定床热解实验研究了麦草碱性亚硫酸钠-蒽醌法制纸桨黑液固形物的热解特性和热解产物分布。结果表明:黑液固形物热解过程分为干燥脱水、有机物热解和无机物转化三个阶段,主要失重发生在200～550℃间;在热重分析基础上按一级反应动力学模型得到了黑液固形物热解各阶段的动力学参数;实验条件下,麦草浆黑液固形物固定床热解后约三分之一转化为挥发分,余下为固体残渣。     

Effects of As on As uptake,speciation, and nutrient uptake by winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） under hydroponic conditions

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arsenic （As） stress on growth, nutrition and As uptake, and speciation in shoots and roots of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Winter wheat has high tolerance to As. Most As is accumulated in the roots, and an As concentration of 4,421 mg/kg was observed at a solution concentration of 20 mg/L As. Arsenic concentrations in roots were approximately 40-100 times greater than those in shoots. Arsenic in winter wheat roots and shoots occurred as both As^3＋ and As^5＋ species, although As^3＋ was the main species in winter wheat tissues. Arsenic significantly decreased the biomass of winter wheat shoots and roots and affected absorption and transport of micro- and macro-elements in winter wheat tissue. Arsenic treatment significantly increased the concentrations of total Magnesium （Mg） and calcium （Ca） in shoots and enhanced the transport of Mg and Ca from roots to shoots but decreased potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, and phosphorus （P） concentrations in both shoots and roots, particularly the concentration of P. Concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc in winter wheat shoots were negatively related to As rates, with correlation coefficients （R^2） of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively.     

小麦地土壤水溶性有机物动态及对土壤铜镉活性的影响：田间微区试验

采用田间微区试验研究秸秆与化肥配施（SM）,猪粪与化肥配施（PM）以及纯化肥（F）3种不同施肥处理下土壤水溶性有机物（DOM）在小麦不同生长阶段的动态变化情况及对土壤中重金属Cu、Cd活性的影响,也研究了上述处理麦田土壤DOM在不同土层中的分布.结果表明,随着小麦的生长各处理土壤DOM均呈不断下降的趋势,特别是在小麦拔节期以前下降趋势更为明显.与施化肥相比,施用有机肥后土壤中DOM含量有明显增加. 施用有机肥后土壤DOM以0～20 cm层最高, 越向下含量越低. 在供试的旱地土壤中DOM主要迁移深度为40 cm,少量DOM可迁移到60 cm.在小麦拔节期之前, 各处理根际DOM含量的动态变化趋势和与之对应的非根际DOM变化趋势基本一致,没有显著差异.但之后随着小麦越冬结束,新陈代谢强度迅速增大,其根际DOM含量也迅速增加, 并在抽穗期达到最大,随后逐渐下降. 试验还发现,在小麦生长过程中根际及非根际土体中土壤交换性Cu的变化与相应的DOM变化趋势极其相似,对3个处理根际和土体共60个土壤样本的DOM与交换性Cu的相关分析表明,二者呈极显著直线相关,说明DOM对土壤Cu的活化有明显促进作用.土壤中Cd的活化虽也受DOM的促进,但其影响不如对Cu那样显著.显然,在重金属污染的旱地土壤中,在当季大量施用新鲜的有机肥可能有增加重金属污染的风险.     

E ects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities of wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic （As） were investigated on seed germination, root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As. The results showed low concentrations of As （0-1 mg/kg） stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot, however, these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As （5-20 mg/kg）. The contents of O2^-, MDA, soluble protein and peroxidase （POD） activity all increased with increasing As concentrations. Soluble sugar content, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities decreased at low concentrations of As, and increased at high concentrations of As. While acetylsalicylic acid （ASA） and chlorophyll contents, catalase （CAT） activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg, and then decreasing trend. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （PAGE）, As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings. As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg. However, As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg. The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

麦秸对两相厌氧废水处理工艺产酸相的影响

采用间歇试验的方法对不同pH条件下,两相厌氧工艺处理含麦秸的低浓度废水的产酸相进行了研究.分别考察了酸性、中性和碱性条件对有麦秸反应器和无麦秸反应器中的COD、氨氮、VFA变化的影响.试验结果表明:在三种pH条件下,除第一周期外有麦秸反应器的出水pH始终要低于无麦秸反应器的出水pH,并且酸性条件下的出水pH值最低.介于...