砷污染防治与含砷木材防腐剂的开发应用

综述了有色工金属工业的砷污染以及砷资源的综合利用。砷品订用于木材防腐和防治白蚁。大力发展木材防腐剂对消除砷害和保护生态环境都具有重大意义以及巨大的社会和经济效益。     

Current Near‐to‐Nature Forest Management Effects on Functional Trait Composition of Saproxylic Beetles in Beech Forests

With the aim of wood production with negligible negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystem processes, a silvicultural practice of selective logging with natural regeneration has been implemented in European beech forests (Fagus sylvatica) during the last decades. Despite this near‐to‐nature strategy, species richness of various taxa is lower in these forests than in unmanaged forests. To develop guidelines to minimize the fundamental weaknesses in the current practice, we linked functional traits of saproxylic beetle species to ecosystem characteristics. We used continental‐scale data from 8 European countries and regional‐scale data from a large forest in southern Germany and forest‐stand variables that represented a gradient of intensity of forest use to evaluate the effect of current near‐to‐nature management strategies on the functional diversity of saproxylic beetles. Forest‐stand variables did not have a statistically significant effect on overall functional diversity, but they did significantly affect community mean and diversity of single functional traits. As the amount of dead wood increased the composition of assemblages shifted toward dominance of larger species and species preferring dead wood of large diameter and in advanced stages of decay. The mean amount of dead wood across plots in which most species occurred was from 20 to 60 m³/ha. Species occurring in plots with mean dead wood >60 m³/ha were consistently those inhabiting dead wood of large diameter and in advanced stages of decay. On the basis of our results, to make current wood‐production practices in beech forests throughout Europe more conservation oriented (i.e., promoting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning), we recommend increasing the amount of dead wood to >20 m³/ha; not removing dead wood of large diameter (50 cm) and allowing more dead wood in advanced stages of decomposition to develop; and designating strict forest reserves, with their exceptionally high amounts of dead wood, that would serve as refuges for and sources of saproxylic habitat specialists. Efectos Actuales del Manejo Casi Natural de Bosques sobre la Composición de Atributos Funcionales de Escarabajos Saproxílicos en Bosques de Haya     

木醋调质石灰石煅烧特性试验研究

新型有机钙协同脱硫脱硝技术在实际应用中存在经济代价高的问题,采用木醋废液调质处理石灰石,制得廉价醋酸钙,并对调质产物的煅烧特性进行了研究。X射线衍射分析结果表明,调质石灰石的主要成分为水合醋酸钙,其煅烧过程大致可以分为3个阶段;采用Avrami理论求解调质石灰石的煅烧反应级数,计算结果其反应级数在0.048～0.272较大范围内波动,进一步证明了反应的多阶段性与无定常性。     

家具企业喷涂过程呼吸防护技术应用研究

随着家具行业持续高速发展和从业人数的不断增加,家具企业职业危害的严峻性也日益突显,职业危害预防、控制也越来越受重视。喷涂作为家具表面处理的重要工艺,其作业过程产生的漆雾和挥发性有机化合物更是直接威胁到职工的健康安全。基于对家具企业喷漆作业场所的有毒、有害因素分析研究的基础上,从个体职业危害防护的角度,提出适用于家具企业喷漆过程的固定式长管呼吸装置防护技术,加强对家具企业职工喷漆作业的劳动保护,实现职业危害的预防控制。     

Hydrogen-rich synthesis gas production from waste wood via gasification and reforming technology for fuel cell application

The purpose of this study was to establish a fuel process for an advanced power generation system in which hydrogen-rich synthesis gas, as the fuel for the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), can be extracted from biomass via gasification and reforming technologies. Experiments on waste wood gasification were performed using a bench-scale gasification system. The main factors influencing hydrogen generation in the noncatalytic process and in the catalytic process were investigated, and temperature was identified as the most important factor. At 950°C, without employing a catalyst, hydrogen-rich synthesis gas containing about 54 vol% hydrogen was extracted from feedstock with appropriately designed operation parameters for the steam/carbon ratio and the equivalence ratio. However, by employing a commercial steam reforming catalyst in the reforming process, similar results were obtained at 750°C.     

阻燃与未阻燃装饰装修木材在不同氧浓度下的热分析

利用热重分析仪对常见木质装饰装修材料白杨、白桦、红松以及这三种材料的阻燃品,在不同氧浓度条件下进行了热重分析(TGA)实验,通过对失重(TG)曲线、失重速率(DTG)曲线的分析,深入探讨了氧气体积分数对样品热解过程的影响.结果表明:对三种天然木材样品而言,氧浓度增大,样品的TG曲线左移.氧浓度对阻燃样品热解失重曲线的影响较小.热解过程用简单的动力学模型进行了模拟,确定了热解主反应段的动力学参数、表观活化能和频率因子,得到了各阶段的动力学方程.     

木材干燥的节能途径

能源消耗占木材干燥成本的67％以上，降低干燥成本必须从减少能源消耗入手。本文以常规干燥为例，通过分析当前木材干燥生产的实际能耗构成，从方法、设备、工艺、操作等方面探讨了木材干燥的各种节能途径。     

桉树遗态Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4/C复合材料对某尾矿库废水中砷的吸附研究

以制备的桉树遗态Fe_2O_3/Fe_3O_4/C复合材料(PBGC-Fe/C)为吸附剂,对某尾矿库废水中砷等重金属进行了吸附实验。研究了温度、pH、废水化学组成、吸附剂投加量及粒径等对吸附的影响。结果表明,吸附剂投加量越大、粒径越小,温度为35℃,p H为3左右吸附效果最好。但实际废水组分复杂,存在竞争吸附及化学沉淀等使砷的总去除率随p H的增大而增大。综合考虑,吸附砷的最佳条件组合为废水p H=5,PBGC-Fe/C投加量0.06 g/m L,粒径150μm。此时废水中总砷质量浓度为0.487 mg/L,可达标排放。     

A wood preservative metabolite in river water

- A previously unknown pollutant in river water was identified to be 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT) by interpretation and simulation of its GC/LRMS spectrum. Further GC/HRMS measurement of the isotope composition of the molecular ion verified this structure. 2-MBT is a well-known agent for corrosion inhibition and a stable metabolite of several other benzothiazoles. The present 2-MBT trace was most probably a metabolite of the wood preservative TCMTB which leaked from an upstream sawmill. The metabolite had been detected earlier in urine of the sawmill workers, but now was identified in the recipient water environment for the first time.     

循环经济与木材资源利用

文章介绍了循环经济、"零排放"的概念和发展现状,论述了木材资源利用过程中开展循环经济,实现"零排放"的必要性和可能性,并就如何确保木材利用过程中实现"零排放"提出了相关建议.