上升热流条件下木材表面温度的实验研究

本文利用热电偶对上升热流条件下不同种类木材的表面温度进行了实验测量。实验中选取的不同上升热流过程是为了更好的模拟实际室内火灾发展过程。实验结果表明,热流上升速率及木材密度都会影响木材的表面温升过程。点燃时刻表面温度随热流变化率的增加而降低,而木材密度对其影响不大。     

炭化温度对木材液化物碳纤维吸附特性及孔结构的影响

以速生杉木为原料,经过苯酚液化物后加入六次甲基四胺熔融纺丝,初纺纤维固化处理后直接炭化制备出碳纤维,并对碳纤维的比表面积、孔径分布以及吸附特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,木材液化物碳纤维样品的等温线属于典型的Ⅰ型吸附等温线,其吸附滞后回线属于H4型。木材液化物碳纤维孔径主要以微孔为主,微孔率达到73.4%。碳纤维样品的BET比表面积、微孔面积、微孔容随着炭化温度的提高呈增大趋势,其中600～800℃是其孔隙结构发生变化的关键温度区间。液化原料中木材/苯酚比对其制备的碳纤维的比表面积、孔容及孔径的影响变化不大。     

Kickback risk of portable chainsaws while cutting wood of different properties: laboratory tests and deductions

Portable chainsaws are associated with substantial risk and can cause serious injury to operators, especially during kickback. This paper presents new results from research and analyses conducted regarding the impact between the different properties of wood on this occurrence. In an open area, such differences may include: wood species, humidity, temperature and the facing angle of the wood fibres in relation to the kerf and shape of the wood surface that comes in contact with the tip of the guide bar. This paper investigates chainsaw kickback including the research results on kickback and wood-cutting energy, saw chain speed and the efficiency of the chainsaw engine. It also presents conclusions drawn from the tests that can be useful for chainsaw users, showing the dependencies between the different properties of wood and the risk of injury.     

High efficiency of the NH4H2PO4/Mg(OH)2 composite for guaranteeing safety of wood production

Currently, China's timber industry is in high demand with the development of real estate. However, there is a certain fire hazard in the production process of wood manufacturing. Once a fire occurs, the fire is violent and the spread is rapid. Therefore, to improve the safety of its production process, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and magnesium hydroxide were selected to prepare a new composite superfine dry powder, which was denoted as the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite. Furthermore, to figure out dry powders' extinction effect on Class A fire, the wood-crib fire suppression effect of the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite was test, and then compared with that of ultrafine dry powder (UDP) and commercial ABC dry powder (C-ABC) in a 1 m³ chamber. Three parameters of the fire extinguishing process, namely flame extinction time, powder consumption and temperature drop were adopted to measure the fire suppression performance. The results demonstrated that UDP and C-ABC both had a larger flame extinction time and powder consumption than the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite. Besides, a fire (wood cribs) can be extinguished by the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite with the fastest temperature drop and a much-improved toxic gas suppression ability. In short, the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite can better guarantee the safety of the wood processing production process. Moreover, the reasons for performance advantages of the NH₄H₂PO₄/Mg(OH)₂ composite were discussed.     

压缩致密化阻燃木材的燃烧特性和成炭行为研究

为增强木材的阻燃性能,采用压缩致密化工艺制备致密化阻燃木材,并对其燃烧特性与成炭行为进行研究。结果表明：压缩致密化工艺能促进木材在燃烧过程中形成更多的芳香结构以增强炭层的致密性和隔热性,进而有效阻隔热量和氧气进入木材内部,使致密化木材表现出良好的阻燃性和自熄性。压缩致密化木材的阻燃和隔热性能与去木质化程度密切相关,并随去木质化程度的增加呈先提高后下降的趋势。经过24 h去木质素处理后的致密化木材的极限氧指数增加到39.5%并达到UL94 V-0级,总释放热和2 400 s背面平衡温度相比于未去木质素的致密化木材分别下降了25.8%和21.4%,表现出最佳的阻燃和隔热性能。     

Recent Industrial Applications of Lignin: A Sustainable Alternative to Nonrenewable Materials

Lignin represents a vastly under-utilized natural polymer co-generated during papermaking and biomass fractionation. Different types of lignin exist, and these differ with regard to isolation protocol and plant resource (i.e., wood type or agricultural harvesting residue). The incorporation of lignin into polymeric systems has been demonstrated, and this depends on solubility and reactivity characteristics. Several industrial utilization examples are presented for sulfur-free, water-insoluble lignins. These include materials for automotive brakes, wood panel products, biodispersants, polyurethane foams, and epoxy resins for printed circuit boards.     

全球气候变化下中国林产品的减排贡献：基于木质林产品固碳功能核算

森林及其产品的固碳功能对减缓气候变化具有重要作用。木质林产品（下简称HWP）的碳储存是全球气候变化的重要议题,研究HWP碳储量并对其进行功能管理,对我国政府提高温室气体减排潜力并参与气候谈判、提交国家温室气体排放清单具有重要的现实意义。论文依据政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）建议的HWP碳量核算模型,研究了1961—2011年中国HWP的固碳功能,继而比较分析了中国HWP碳储量的减排潜力。研究表明：从总量看,储量变化法、大气流动法基础上核算的中国2011 年度碳储量值分别为6.76×10⁸ t 碳和2.58×10⁸ t 碳;从年增长量看,储量变化法、大气流动法基础核算的中国HWP碳储量增长平均值为1 063×10⁴ t 碳和262×10⁴ t 碳。基于中国是世界HWP进口大国,储量变化法的选择应用将对我国有利。HWP碳储量减排贡献的研究发现：中国HWP碳储量为森林立木总量的4.75%~8.42%,平均约为6%;对比中国能源消费的年碳排放量值,中国HWP的年碳储量可以减排约1.6%,中国HWP具有显著的碳汇功能及进一步提升的减排潜力。     

Assessment of the coherence of the Swiss waste wood management

Waste wood recovery by thermal treatment with energy recovery or by recycling allows the substitution and conservation of primary resources. Swiss government notes the potential presence of tensions between policies which simultaneously encourage the cascade use of wood, the recycling or the energy recovery by thermal treatment of waste wood. The aim of the present research is to assess the coherence of waste wood management in Switzerland by a quantitative and qualitative approach. First, a material flow analysis allows to model the wood resources and waste wood metabolism over one century. The simulation results of various scenarios of waste wood management establish that the additional impacts of the immediate thermal treatment are less significant for the reduction of CO₂eq emissions but more significant for the energy production than its cascade treatments on Swiss territory. Secondly, a documentary analysis examines the determinants of the current waste wood treatments prevailing in Switzerland. Thus, the causes of the strong presence on Swiss territory of the sector of thermal treatment, the export of almost half of waste wood generated and the sub-exploitation of Swiss forest act as barriers or drivers that result in introducing a crowding-out effect where no amount of waste wood is available for recycling in Switzerland. The comparison of the results of the two approaches leads to the conclusion that the current waste wood management is coherent in relation to the various goals of the Swiss federal policies but the waste wood potential for energy production is not fully exploited. The recommendations on the waste wood management and the possibilities to use the model for other case studies are given in the conclusion.