轮耕对双季稻田土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾质量分数及水稻产量的影响

针对南方稻田连续免耕存在的主要问题,选择双季稻区连续7年免耕稻田,设置免耕-免耕（NT-NT）、翻耕-翻耕（CT-CT）、翻耕-免耕（CT-NT）、旋耕-旋耕（RT-RT）和旋耕-免耕（RT-NT）5个耕作处理,以连续免耕（NT-NT）作为对照,研究了不同轮耕技术对双季稻田土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾质量分数和水稻产量的影响。结果表明：长期连续免耕稻田土壤全氮、有效磷均呈现表层（0～5 cm）富集的现象;CT-CT、RT-RT处理较对照趋向于提高5～20 cm土壤全氮、有效磷质量分数。与CT-CT、RT-RT相比,CT-NT和RT-NT均有利于提高表层0～5 cm土壤全氮、速效钾质量分数,降低5～20 cm土壤全氮、有效磷质量分数。各处理早稻的有效穗均显著高于对照,分别比对照增加10.4×10^4、16.82×10^4、32.04×10^4和28.34×104 hm-2;产量分别比对照提高17.85%、21.58%、3.0%和19.38%。各处理晚稻的有效穗均显著高于对照,分别比对照增加43.46×10^4、9.12×10^4、17.13×10^4和27.34×104 hm-2;产量分别比对照增加9.98%、8.25%、4.69%和7.68%。CT-NT处理有利于增加早稻和晚稻的产量。     

Optimizing carbon sequestration in commercial forests by integrating carbon management objectives in wood supply modeling

This paper provides a methodology for generating forest management plans, which explicitly maximize carbon (C) sequestration at the forest-landscape level. This paper takes advantage of concepts first presented in a paper by Meng et al. (2003; Mitigation Adaptation Strategies Global Change 8:371–403) by integrating C-sequestration objective functions in existing wood supply models. Carbon-stock calculations performed in Woodstock^TM (RemSoft Inc.) are based on C yields generated from volume table data obtained from local Forest Development Survey plots and a series of wood volume-to-C content conversion factors specified in von Mirbach (2000). The approach is used to investigate the impact of three demonstration forest-management scenarios on the C budget in a 110,000 ha forest in south-central New Brunswick, Canada. Explicit demonstration scenarios addressed include (1) maximizing timber extraction either by clearcut or selection harvesting for greatest revenue generation, (2) maximizing total C storage in the forest landscape and in wood products generated from harvesting, and (3) maximizing C storage together with revenue generation. The level of clearcut harvesting was greatest for scenario 1 (≥15 × 10⁴ m³ of wood and ≥943 ha of land per harvesting period), and least for scenario 2 (=0 m³ per harvesting period) where selection harvesting dominated. Because softwood saw logs were worth more than pulpwood ($60 m⁻³ vs. $40 m⁻³) and were strategic to the long-term storage of C, the production of softwood saw logs exceeded the production of pulpwood in all scenarios. Selection harvesting was generally the preferred harvesting method across scenarios. Only in scenario 1 did levels of clearcut harvesting occasionally exceed those of selection harvesting, mainly in the removal of old, dilapidated stands early in the simulation (i.e., during periods 1 through 3). Scenario 2 provided the greatest total C-storage increase over 80 years (i.e., 14 × 10⁶ Mg C, or roughly 264 Mg ha⁻¹) at a cost of $111 per Mg C due to lost revenues. Scenarios 3 and 1 produced reduced storage rates of roughly 9 × 10⁶ Mg C and 3 × 10⁶ Mg C, respectively; about 64% and 22% of the total, 80-year C storage calculated in scenario 2. The bulk of the C in scenario 2 was stored in the forest, amounting to about 76% of the total C sequestered.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡面-沟道系统中的高含沙水流(Ⅰ)--地貌因素与重力侵蚀的影响

以黄河中游多沙粗沙区子洲径流站和离石王家沟试验站的径流场观测资料为基础,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡沟系统中高含沙水流特征与地貌因素及重力侵蚀的关系进行了研究.研究结果表明,黄土坡面的地貌垂直结构和由此所决定的侵蚀作用垂直分异,对坡面高含沙水流的形成有很大的影响,高含沙水流形成于峁坡下部和沟坡,并在各级沟道中进一步发展.坡度对高含沙水流的形成有较大影响,如果侵蚀过程以溅蚀、面蚀、细沟侵蚀为主,不发生切沟及显著的重力侵蚀,则存在着一个坡度临界值,大于此值后,含沙量反而减小.重力侵蚀对坡沟系统高含沙水流的形成起着十分重要的作用,由于强烈的重力侵蚀的参与,高含沙水流的沙峰滞后于洪峰,落水阶段的含沙量常常大于同流量下涨水阶段的含沙量.     

东北商品粮基地粮食生产的区域分异

论文以商品粮基地县为研究单元,运用数理统计和GIS空间分析结合的方法,揭示东北商品粮基地县粮食总产的区域差异。研究结果表明:①粮食总产低于平均水平的商品粮基地县占多数,高于平均水平的基地数量仅占36.36%,但粮食产量占全部基地县粮食总产量的64.74%;②粮食生产基本上形成了以玉米、大豆、水稻为主的生产能力格局,粮食总产的区域差异小于分品种粮食作物内部的区域差异;③从省域尺度看,粮食总产高于平均水平的基地县84.6%分布在黑龙江和吉林两省,粮食生产布局的区域化、专业化趋势明显,大宗粮食作物进一步向产粮大县集中;④从区域尺度看,粮食总产的空间格局高低交错,集中在以松嫩平原中部黑土区、辽河平原和三江平原为重心的平原地区,有由中部平原地区向周边递减的趋势。回归分析表明,播种面积的区域差异是导致商品粮基地县粮食总产区域分异的主要原因,农业现代化水平对其具有重要影响。应加强商品粮基地建设,加大中低产田的改造力度,走以提高粮食单产来提高粮食综合生产能力的内涵式发展道路。     

钢结构高温响应影响因素的研究

根据考虑几何和材料非线性及温度沿杆件截面高度线性分布等因素对钢结构常温和高温响应影响的基本方程,用自行编制的计算程序对单层双跨钢框架进行结构非线性温度响应研究,分析了弯曲应变、屈强比、梁柱刚度比、初始弹性模量等因素对结构响应的影响,并研究了温度步长、保护层厚度对结构耐火时间的影响.由计算结果发现,弯曲应变、初始弹性模量...     

红壤上直接施用磷矿粉的增产效果和改土作用

综述了红壤上施用磷矿粉对油菜产量、土壤铝毒和土壤化学性质的影响，认为磷矿粉直接施用于酸性土壤上，除增加土壤有效磷含量从而提高作物产量外，还能提高土壤ｐＨ值，增加交换性钙含量和降低交换态铝含量，增加土壤负电荷量，是一种低投入的土壤改良剂，在有条件的地区宜予推广。     

分离趋势产量和气候产量的方法探讨

在长时间序列的作物产量与气候因子关系的统计研究中,一般把作物的产量分解为趋势产量、气候产量和随机误差3部分。趋势产量是反映历史时期生产力发展水平的长周期产量分量,也被称为技术产量,气候产量是受气候要素为主的短周期变化因子(农业气象灾害为主)影响的波动产量分量。因为不同趋势产量模拟方法分离的气候产量的结果可能不同,甚至截然相反,所以分离趋势产量以得到准确的气候产量就显得尤其重要,这关系到影响作物产量的气候因子(主要是农业气象灾害)分析的准确性。试图以气候变化对棉花产量影响为例,说明如何选择合适的趋势产量求算方法,进而分离得到气候产量。提出了方法选择的3个依据条件:趋势产量模拟曲线应该符合社会技术各发展阶段的实际;全国或整个研究区的趋势产量变化特征因子应该基本一致(即社会和技术水平发展过程差异不大),气候条件相似区域其气候产量应该具有很强的相关性;分析得到的影响研究对象(作物)生长的关键气候因子或者农业气象灾害因子,应该符合所研究对象的生育特性及其对气候因子或农业气象灾害因子的响应规律。     

废石-尾砂高浓度料浆的流变特性及屈服应力预测模型

为了研究矿山粗骨料(废石)充填的新模式,达到矿山绿色生产的需求.首先在大量试验的基础上给出了粗骨料料浆的高浓度特征.其次对大红山铜矿的废石与尾砂进行级配分析,选用最优配比m(废石)∶m(尾砂)为6∶4进行流变试验,分析其流变特性.最后应用双因素方差法分析了水泥添加量与质量浓度对屈服应力的影响.结果表明,废石-尾砂高浓度料浆属屈服-假塑性体,水泥添加量对屈服应力的影响更显著,屈服应力与水灰比及骨料体积分数存在定量的关系.在此基础上,建立了屈服应力的预测模型,预测结果的误差在5％以内.     

The combination of subsoil and the incorporation of corn stover affect physicochemical properties of soil and corn yield in semi-arid China

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of combining subsoil and incorporation of corn stover on soil profile, soil physicochemical properties, and corn yield. A five-year field trial was conducted that consisted of two treatments arranged in a completely random design and replicated three times. Two soil management operations were tested: subsoil + corn stover incorporation (plow construction [PC] treatment) and conventional rotary tillage (control check [CK] treatment). Compared with rotary tillage, it was found that combining subsoil and corn stover incorporation significantly affected corn grain yield in all seasons. Further, combining subsoil and corn stover incorporation significantly increased the thickness of the plow layer, quantity of plow layer soil, thickness of the plow pan and soil bulk density, as well as soil organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. Evidence indicates that reconstructing the soil plow layer through combination of subsoil and corn stover incorporation improved soil structure, nutrient content, and corn yield. It is of interest that farmers are now applying subsoil and returning crop straw instead of solely relying on rotary tillage.     

EFFECTS OF SIMULATED CLOUD SEEDING ON STREAMFLOW OF SELECTED WATERSHEDS IN PENNSYLVANIA1

A mathematical model was developed to simulate the hydrologic behavior of five small watersheds in central Pennsylvania. Continuous hydrographs for the 6-month period, April to September 1964, were simulated. Synthesized rainfall cycles consisting of increasing rainfall by 10, 20, and 30 percent to simulate the effects of cloud seeding were processed through the watershed model to determine the effects on low flow augmentation. Other rainfall cycles used consisted of increasing every third storm by 30 percent and of developing a rainfall cycle by processing daily radiosonde data through a mathematical cumulus cloud model to obtain a prediction of rainfall following seeding. A comparison of actual and predicted hydrographs indicated that simulated cloud seeding resulted in significant monthly and seasonal water yields. In general, the results of the study appear to indicate that on a theoretical basis cloud seeding would be a feasible method of augmenting low stream-flow during the summer months on watersheds in the northern Appalachian region.