生物炭对热带地区辣椒种植土壤N2O排放及其功能基因的影响

生物炭具有一定的增产和减少N₂O排放效果,但关于其相关氮循环微生物作用的动态变化过程了解较少.为探明热带地区生物炭的增产减排效应潜力及相关微生物动态作用机制,通过辣椒盆栽试验对比添加生物炭(B)、常规施肥(CON)和不施氮(CK)处理对辣椒产量、氧化亚氮(N₂O)的排放及相关功能基因丰度的影响.结果表明,CON处理产量高于CK处理;与CON处理相比,生物炭显著增加辣椒产量18.0%(P<0.05),添加生物炭在辣椒生长的大部分时期增加土壤NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N含量;在辣椒的生长周期内,相比CON处理,生物炭处理显著减少土壤N₂O累积排放量18.3%(P<0.05).N₂O排放通量与氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的amoA基因丰度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);与nosZ基因丰度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明N₂O排放可能主要来自反硝化过程;在辣椒生...     

Watering techniques and zero-valent iron biochar pH effects on As and Cd concentrations in rice rhizosphere soils, tissues and yield

Zero-valent iron amended biochar (ZVIB) has been proposed as a promising material in immobilizing heavy metals in paddy fields. In this study, the impacts of pH of ZVIB (pH 6.3 and pH 9.7) and watering management techniques (watering amount in the order of CON (control, 5/72)>3/72>1–3/72>3/100>1/72, with 5/72, for example, representing irrigation given to 5 cm above soil surface in 72 hr regular interval) on As and Cd bioavailability for rice and its grain yield (Yield_BR) were investigated in a pot experiment. Brown rice As (As_BR) content was irrelative to the watering treatments, while significantly decreased (>50%) with the addition of both ZVIB materials. The diminutions of brown rice Cd (Cd_BR) content as well as the Yield_BR were highly dependent on both the soil amendment materials’ pH and watering amount. Among all the watering treatments, 3/72 treatment (15% less irrigation water than the CON) with ZVIB 6.3 amendment was the optimum fit for simultaneous reduction of As_BR (50%) and Cd_BR contents (19%) as well as for significant increment (12%) of the Yield_BR. Although high pH (9.7) ZVIB application could also efficiently decrease As and Cd contents in brown rice, it might risk grain yield lost if appropriate (e.g. 3/72 in our study) watering management technique was not chosen. Therefore, ZVIB would be an environmentally friendly option as an amendment material with proper selection of watering management technique to utilize As and Cd co-contaminated arable soils safely for paddy cultivation.     

Development of TRIPLEX-Management model for simulating the response of forest growth to pre-commercial thinning

In order to simulate forest growth response to pre-commercial thinning (PCT), TRIPLEX1.0 - a process-based model designed to predict forest growth as well as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics - was modified and improved to also simulate managed forest ecosystem thinning practices. A three-parameter Weibull distribution model was integrated to simulate thinning treatments within the newly developed TRIPLEX-Management model. The thinning intensity component within the model allows users to simulate thinning treatments by applying basal area, stand density and volume to quantify thinning intensity. Natural mortality decreased following thinning due to an increase in growing space for residual stems. Predicted litterfall pools also increased after thinning events took place. The TRIPLEX-Management model was tested against published observational data for Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stands subjected to PCT in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The coefficients of determination (R²) between the predicted and observed variables including stand density, mean DBH (diameter at breast height), the quadratic mean DBH, total volume and merchantable volume as well as belowground, aboveground, and total biomass ranged from 0.50 to 0.88 (n = 20, P < 0.001) with the exception of mean tree height (R² = 0.25, n = 20, P < 0.05). Overall, the Willmott index of agreement between predicted and observed variables ranged from 0.97 to 1.00. Results show that the TRIPLEX-Management model is generally capable of simulating growth response to PCT for Jack Pine stands.     

基因型及播种密度对冬小麦分蘖期生长、生物量分配及产量的影响

采用双因素随机区组设计,研究了分别来自干旱与湿润区的4个小麦品种6个播种密度对冬小麦生长、生物量分配及产量的影响.结果表明,在本试验条件下,生长指标、生物量积累各指标及籽粒产量均主要受基因型和播种密度互作(g×d)影响,而成穗数、穗粒数主要受播种密度(d)的影响,基因型(g)则是引起小麦籽粒产量、千粒重及穗长变化的主要因素.白粒三号和川麦39最佳播种密度为315×104 hm-2,籽粒产量达到5 863.8 kg hm-2和5 882.1 kg hm-2;西农2000与陕麦139产量最佳播种密度为195×104 hm-2,籽粒产量分别为6 422.4 kg hm-2和7 062.4 kg hm-2.陕西小麦品种籽粒产量高出四川小麦约12.90%~18.62%.相关分析表明,籽粒产量与成穗数、千粒重呈极显著正相关(r=0.859 7**,r=0.499 3**),而与穗长、地上部干重及根系长度呈极显著负相关,与穗粒数及其它生长、生物量指标无显著相关.研究表明,干旱区小麦在湿润地区种植表现出较大的增产潜力,此外,在生产中应重视基因型和播种密度二者互作所表现出来的优势.表5参31     

Theory of storage,inventory and volatility in the LME base metals

The theory of storage, as related to commodities, makes two predictions involving the quantity of the commodity held in inventory. When inventory is low (i.e. a situation of scarcity), spot prices will exceed futures prices, and spot price volatility will exceed futures price volatility. Conversely, during periods of no scarcity, both spot prices and spot price volatility will remain relatively subdued. We test these predictions for the six base metals traded on the London Metal Exchange (aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, tin and zinc), and find strong validation for the theory. Including Chinese inventories reported by the Shanghai Futures Exchange strengthens the relationship further. We also introduce the concepts of excess volatility, inventory-implied spot price and inventory-implied spot volatility and illustrate some applications.     

Managing Forests for Increased Regional Water Yield in the Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain

With growing populations fueling increased groundwater abstraction and forecasts of greater water scarcity in the southeastern United States, identifying land management strategies that enhance water availability will be vital to maintaining hydrologic resources and protecting natural systems. Management of forested uplands for lower basal area, currently a priority for habitat improvement on public lands, may also increase water yield through decreased evapotranspiration (ET). To explore this hypothesis, we synthesized studies of precipitation and ET in coastal plain pine stands to develop a statistical model of water yield as a function of management strategy, stand structure, and ecosystem water use. This model allowed us to estimate changes in water yield in response to varying management strategies across spatial scales from the individual stand to a regional watershed. Results suggest that slash pine stands managed at lower basal areas can have up to 64% more cumulative water yield over a 25‐year rotation compared to systems managed for high‐density timber production, with the greatest increases in stands also managed for recurrent understory fire. Although there are important uncertainties in the magnitude of additional water yield and its final destination (i.e., surface water bodies vs. groundwater), this analysis highlights the potential for management activities on public and private timber lands to partially offset increasing demand on surface and groundwater resources.     

A COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR OPTIMIZING CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION OF DESALTING PLANTS1

ABSTRACT .Desalting plants can provide a means of firming up erratic natural supplies when properly operated in conjunction with existing water supply reservoir systems. Since the natural inflow is variable, the choice of when to run the desalting plant is difficult. If the plant is turned on too late, a shortage may result; or if the plant runs too long, costly water may be wasted. A computer program is described that can help water planners find an optimal operating rule, i.e., a policy that tells when to turn the plant on and off to meet a given demand. Criteria for defining the firm water yield of the system (with and without desalting) are first defined. The logic of the program is then described. The program, written in FORTRAN IV, successively simulates operation of the given size reservoir-desalting plant system under control of various operating rules and selects the optimal rule as the one which produces the required firm water yield at the least unit cost. The optimal plant size and the staging of construction can also be studied by making a series of computations. Applications of the Operating Rule Program to water systems in California, Utah and New York are described. The studies show that, compared with base load operation, substantial savings are possible if optimum intermittent conjunctive operation of the desalting plant is followed.     

辽宁省境内老哈河流域产沙特征及泥沙供给模式研究

在对辽宁省境内老哈河流域土壤侵蚀研究的基础上,通过计算泥沙迁移时间确定了该流域基于栅格尺度的泥沙输移比的空间分布,最终获得该流域的产沙量,结果表明北部的老官地、哈拉道口、烧锅营子等地以及中南部河流两侧是流域内主要产沙源;选用坡度、植被盖度、土地利用类型、土壤可蚀性、距河流距离、基岩岩性等因子,建立了老哈河流域泥沙供给的数学模型,结果表明流域产沙主要与坡度、距河流距离、土地利用类型和植被盖度密切相关。因此,改变土地利用类型、提高植被盖度是防治流域致灾泥沙的关键因素。本研究对今后老哈河流域土地利用规划及泥沙治理具有一定的指导意义。     

水溶液中嗪草酮的光化学行为研究

以氙灯为光源模拟太阳光,研究了农药嗪草酮(MT)在水溶液中的光降解;探讨了pH值以及天然水体中广泛存在的光敏荆腐殖酸、硝酸根和Fe3+等对嗪草酮间接光解的影响;测量了嗪草酮量子产率及其与活性氧类物种(ROS)·OH和1O2的反应速率常数.结果表明,在pH值3.5-9.5范围内,嗪草酮直接光降解速率随pH值升高而降低.pH=7时,腐殖酸具有光屏蔽作用而抑制嗪草酮光降解,硝酸根和Fe3+对嗪草酮间接光降解基本没有作用.嗪草酮与1O2反应速率常数为0 mol-1·L·s-1,与·OH反应速率常数为5.7×109mol-1Ls-1.在天然水体中嗪草酮与·OH反应最小半衰期为68 h,远远大于北纬40.(40°N)下直接光解半衰期.以上研究结果表明,嗪草酮直接光解占主导作用,其量子产率为0.01.预测在40°N春、夏、秋、冬时嗪草酮直接光解半衰期分别为1.44、1.08、2.58和5.10h,室外太阳光照实验结果显示,在40°N秋季嗪草酮的半衰期为2.98 h,与理论预测值接近.     

十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)改性蒙脱石对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附研究

以阴离子表面活性剂(十二烷基磺酸钠,SDS)为改性剂制备了有机蒙脱石,研究其对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附行为,并用XRD、FTIR、SEM、XPS对有机蒙脱石进行表征.实验结果表明,有机蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附基本上在20min内达到平衡,并随pH增大(1.0～7.0),吸附量增加,最佳pH约为6.0.有机蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附等温线更符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,SDS改性蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的最大吸附量较纯蒙脱石分别增加15.7%、15.5%.XRD、FTIR、SEM、XPS及碳含量分析结果显示,SDS主要分布在蒙脱石表面且相对稳定,少量嵌入层间,有机蒙脱石对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附机制为配位吸附和离子交换.