钾对龙眼产量和品质的影响

为了提高龙眼产量，提高钾肥的施肥效益，于1993～1995年进行龙眼果园不同钾肥用量的施肥试验．结果表明，龙眼在施用氮碗肥及补充土壤缺乏的中微量元素养分的基础上，增施钾肥可增大果型、提高单果重，显著增加果实产量，并可改善果实品质；龙眼增施钾肥有明显的经济效益．提出龙眼适宜的施钾量为：每株每产50kg鲜果树面年施K2O1.2kg．     

浙江天台山茶树光合日变化及光响应

自然条件下使用LCA－4型便携式光合测定系统研究了栽培天天台山主峰华顶山的茶树连体叶片的光合日变化及光响应。结果表明：在初夏晴天,上年越冬叶片（下称二年生叶）的光合速率,表观量子效率,羧化效率和饱和光强比展叶红16d的一年生叶高,CO2补偿点和光补偿点比一年生叶低,两者的净光合速率日进程曲线均为“双峰”型,午间胞间CO2浓度上升表明,此时净光合速率下降主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。一年生叶蒸腾速率高于二年生叶,它们日进程曲线为单峰河,午间最高,而气孔阻力进间最低。不同时段作光响应和CO2响应试验表明,上午茶树的表观量子效率,饱和光强和羧化效率较高,光补偿点和CO2补偿点较低。图3表4参26     

高产玉米因土高效施肥技术研究

通过田间试验,研究广东省粤东河源灯塔盆地的粉砂坭地和粤北阳山县石灰岩山区的黄泥地氮、磷、钾养分的供应特性;高产玉米不同生育期吸收氮、磷、钾的规律,以及在不同土壤上氮、磷、钾肥的不同配比对玉米产量和经济效益的影响。根据试验结果进行统计,提出了高产玉米因土高效施肥技术方法。     

A Bayesian strategy for combining predictions from empirical and process-based models

We present a strategy for using an empirical forest growth model to reduce uncertainty in predictions made with a physiological process-based forest ecosystem model. The uncertainty reduction is carried out via Bayesian melding, in which information from prior knowledge and a deterministic computer model is conditioned on a likelihood function. We used predictions from an empirical forest growth model G-HAT in place of field observations of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in a deciduous temperate forest ecosystem. Using Bayesian melding, priors for the inputs of the process-based forest ecosystem PnET-II were propagated through the model, and likelihoods for the PnET-II output ANPP were calculated using the G-HAT predictions. Posterior distributions for ANPP and many PnET-II inputs obtained using the G-HAT predictions largely matched posteriors obtained using field data. Since empirical growth models are often more readily available than extensive field data sets, the method represents a potential gain in efficiency for reducing the uncertainty of process-based model predictions when reliable empirical models are available but high-quality data are not.     

Copper distribution in chemical soil fractions and relationships with maize crop yield

Agricultural practices can lead to copper accumulation in soils and at high concentration it can become toxic for plants. One common toxic effect of copper on plants is a decrease of crop yield. Here, we studied 1) the crop yield of maize grown on plots of a soil intentionally enriched with copper sulphate and 2) the possible relationship between the copper concentration in chemical soil fractions and the maize crop yield. Anthropogenic copper is mainly bound to manganese oxides, to iron oxides and to the organic matter. Maize (Zea maize L.) was grown on outdoor experimental plots. The crop yield was evaluated for three development stages: the 6–10 leaf stage, the female flowering stage and the maturity stage, 2, 4 and 6 years after the soil copper enrichment. Strong crop yield reductions, proving a toxic effect of copper on maize growth were noted 2 years after the copper input at the maturity stage and 4 years after the copper input at the 6–10 leaf stage. Variations in maize crop yield are described with linear multiple regression equations including the variable copper content in soil, and other variables when needed such as soil pH, soil organic carbon level and the climatic variables, the precipitation rate and the ambient temperature. The crop yield study at the 6–10 leaf stage and at the female flowering stage does not provide significant regression equations, while the crop yield study at the maturity stage does. Request variables for the models are the total copper content or the copper bound to the organic matter and the meteorological data. Electronic Publication     

UV-B辐射增强对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

研究了大田栽培条件下紫外辐射增强对冬小麦孕穗、抽穗、开花、灌浆、结实以及产量的影响。结果表明,UV B辐射增强使小麦植株矮化,叶面积减小,穗重、茎重、叶重减小,灌浆速度变慢,灌浆不充实,此外,UV B辐射增强还使花粉败育率增大。     

开花前后变水条件对春小麦的补偿效应

在防雨棚内的盆栽实验条件下，研究了4种梯度的10种不分组合对红芒麦和宁春10号产量及耗水量等的影响。结果表明，试验期间充分灌水，轻度，中度，重度干旱处理，随着干旱程度的加剧，株高，干物质积累，产量，耗水量都逐渐减少；红芒麦灌浆期不同程度的,匀有利于产量的形成，促进物质运输，提高千粒重，同时减少水分消耗，提高WUE；孕穗期干旱处理后，灌浆期复水，会造成减产，和灌浆期相比，孕穗期是水分的敏感的时期，而灌浆期对水分亏缺不敏感，两种小麦相比较，宁春10号耗水量大，产量低，抗旱性较强，图2表2参7     

陕西省干旱灾害的农业风险评估

分析了陕西干旱发生的时空规律,以缺水率划分干旱标准,评价陕西各季农业干旱状况,并对1949～1990年共42a粮食产量序列进行滑动平均模拟,以粮食减产百分率评估全省干旱灾害等级,得出干旱损失评估模式,使陕西干旱灾害的评估由定性到定量,为其它灾害的定量评估提供了经验。     

南京大气臭氧浓度的季节变化及其对主要作物影响的评估

近年来,近地面O_3浓度呈不断上升趋势,高浓度O_3会影响作物的生长导致产量降低.本文利用2014~2016年南京市近地面O_3浓度的连续观测数据,分析了O_3浓度的变化特征及其对冬小麦和水稻产量与经济损失的影响.结果表明,2014~2016年南京市O_3年平均浓度分别为62.9、68.6和69.1μg·m-3,O_3浓度和超标日数均呈现逐年增加的趋势.季节平均的O_3浓度大小的顺序为:夏季、春季、秋季和冬季.四季O_3浓度的日变化均为明显的"单峰型",峰值出现在15:00~16:00,谷值出现在07:00~08:00.2014~2016年冬小麦生长季期间AOT40的数值分别为10.5、14.4和9.4μL·L~(-1)·h,水稻生长季期间AOT40的数值分别为8.5、20.0和25.6μL·L~(-1)·h.近地面O_3对冬小麦的影响要高于水稻,其中,2014~2016年O_3造成冬小麦减产范围为21.4%~32.8%,每年的经济损失达15 076.6~27 799.6万元,造成水稻减产范围为8.1%~24.3%,每年的经济损失达19 747.2~68 075.7万元.     

微囊藻毒素对不同生育期水稻生长的影响

灌溉水中的微囊藻毒素不仅会影响作物生长与产量,还可能沿食物链传递而威胁人类健康。以水稻为试材,研究了不同质量浓度(1μg/L、100μg/L、1 000μg/L、3 000μg/L)微囊藻毒素(MCs)对幼苗期和孕穗期水稻生长与成熟期水稻产量的影响,以及MCs在3个生育期水稻中的积累。结果表明:处理7 d后,1μg/L MCs处理对幼苗期水稻生长有一定促进作用,而对孕穗期水稻生长没有影响,高质量浓度MCs(≥100μg/L)抑制幼苗期和孕穗期水稻的生长;胁迫结束且恢复7 d后,100μg/L处理组孕穗期水稻根长、根表面积恢复能力强于幼苗期,株高、叶面积低于幼苗期,而1 000μg/L和3 000μg/L MCs组水稻各指标不仅未恢复,且劣于胁迫期,水稻产量下降92.4%和95.2%。用酶联免疫法检测发现,胁迫后MCs均在水稻体内富集。对于相同质量浓度MCs处理,幼苗期水稻各器官富集能力最大,孕穗期次之,成熟期最小。3 000μg/L MCs处理组的水稻谷粒中MCs质量比达21.2μg/kg,使人体每天摄入MCs的量可能高于世界卫生组织规定的人体每天吸收MCs的上限值。