实车三效催化剂表面成分分析

对主要在北京行驶的总里程在34×104～59×104km的6辆轻型出租车用三效催化剂,利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析了其表面元素的种类、含量,以及污染物元素含量与行驶里程的关系.结果表明,在催化剂表面检测到的元素种类近30种,含量较高的元素种类基本相同.前后级催化剂上检测到的共同污染物元素有P、Ca、Zn和Mn等,主要来自于机油和汽油,34×104km行驶里程后,P在催化剂的累积速度已非常缓慢,Ca、Zn和Mn在催化剂表面的沉积经过56×104km后仍有增加的趋势.在后级催化剂上还检测到了明显的S含量,说明S更容易在后级催化剂上沉积.经过40×104km行驶里程后,S在催化剂表面的沉积量基本达到平衡状态.累积规律说明经过40×104km行驶里程后,容易使催化剂中毒的P和S对催化剂活性影响已较小,而Ca、Zn和Mn的持续累积,将会继续降低催化剂的活性.     

防爆安全检查技术的发展现状与展望：爆炸物探测技术的应用与发展

本文重点介绍了安检技术的发展,当前较为普遍使用的爆炸物探测技术：X射线、金属探测和离子迁移谱探测技术。试用和探索的炸药探测技术：核四极矩谐振分析技术、中子活化分析技术、质谱、激光拉曼光谱、X射线相干散射技术,以及易燃、易爆液体危险品的探测,并介绍了当前新兴的人体携带威胁物探测技术：毫米波成像、太赫兹成像等,以及防爆安检技术的未来发展。     

Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 containing anatase nanoparticles and rutile nanoflower structure consisting of nanorods

A series of TiO2 with different crystal phases and morphologies was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process using titanium nbutoxide and concentrated hydrochloric acid as raw materials. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by degradation of Methyl Orange in aqueous solution under UV-Visible light irradiation. On the basis of detailed analysis of the characterizing results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurement, it was concluded that the photo-activity of the catalyst is related directly to the 3D morphology and the crystal phase composition. An excellent catalyst should have both a futile 3D flower-like structure and anatase granulous particles. The 3D flower-like structure could enhance light harvesting, as well as the transfer of reactant molecules from bulk solution to the reactive sites on TiO2. In addition, the optimum anatase/rutile phase ratio was found to be 80：20, which is beneficial to the effective separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs.     

催化湿式氧化处理造纸废水的研究

以过渡金属氧化物CuO为活性组分,采用催化湿式氧化法处理造纸废水,考察Cu负载量、催化剂用量、反应温度对废水COD去除率的影响。结果表明:固定氧气分压在2.5MPa和反应时间3h,催化剂用量为3g,Cu负载量为4%,反应温度为220℃,500mL浓度为3250mg/L造纸废水的COD去除率为90%,色度去除率为89%,pH值由9.6变为7.8。另外,对催化剂进行再生处理和稳定性测试。结果表明:450℃下活化3h,在上述相同反应条件下,对原废水的COD去除率降低为88%,重复使用9次后对废水的COD去除率仍能保持在85%左右。     

砷氧化菌对胡敏酸络合As (Ⅲ)的氧化作用

土壤砷与土壤微生物相互作用是土壤砷形态转化中需要重点关注的内容之一.为了研究砷氧化菌对胡敏酸络合三价砷[HA-As(Ⅲ)]的作用,设置了不同p H值反应体系,研究砷氧化菌HN-2对HA-As(Ⅲ)作用下,砷的形态变化及其在固液两相中的分配.结果表明,在HA与As(Ⅲ)络合过程中,HA可以将一部分游离态As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ).其中,在p H=7的体系中,As(Ⅲ)被HN-2和HA氧化成As(Ⅴ)的效率最高.在含有砷氧化菌株和不含砷氧化菌株的体系中,0~10 h振荡过程中,HA-As材料均可以释放一部分As(Ⅲ)及As(Ⅴ)进入液相中,同时砷氧化菌可以快速地将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ),而胡敏酸可以较缓慢地将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(Ⅴ);反应10~24 h期间,HN-2砷氧化菌可以将络合态HA-As(Ⅲ)转化为游离态As(Ⅲ)并氧化为As(Ⅴ);48 h后反应逐渐达到平衡.固相同步辐射结果可以进一步证明HN-2砷氧化菌对络合态As(Ⅲ)的释放及氧化作用.     

Preparation and characterization of Fe2O3-CeO2-TiO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for degradation dye wastewater

In order to develop a catalyst with high activity for catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) process at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, Fe2O3-CeO2-TiO2/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by consecutive impregnation method and the prepared parameters were optimized. The structure of the catalyst was characterized by BET, XRF, SEM and XPS technologies, and the actual wastewater was used to investigate the catalytic activity of Fe2O3-CeO2-TiO2/γ-Al2O3 in CWO process. The experimental results showed that the prepared catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity when the doping amount of Ti was 1.0 wt% (the weight ratio of Ti to carriers), and the middle product, CeO2-TiO2/γ-Al2O3, was calcined in 450℃ for 2 h. The CWO experiment for treating actual dye wastewater indicated that the COD, color and TOC of actual wastewater were decreased by 62.23%, 50.12% and 41.26% in 3 h,respectively, and the ratio of BOD5/COD was increased from 0.19 to 0.30.     

场地土壤中有效态砷的稳定化处理及机理研究

分别以生石灰和亚铁盐作为辅助剂与稳定剂对2种砷污染的土壤进行稳定化处理,通过化学浸出、形态及结构研究,揭示土壤中有效砷的稳定效率和机理.结果表明,外源铁添加量与土壤砷含量(Fe/As)的物质的量比达到6:1~8:1,CaO投加比例为0.05%~0.1%(w/w)时,土壤中有效态砷的稳定效率超过85%.土壤有效砷的稳定化处理主要是将砷从非专性吸附态和专性吸附态转化为弱结晶的铁铝或铁锰水化氧化物结合态、结晶铁铝或铁锰水化氧化物结合态.稳定处理后2种污染土均有新物相羟砷铜矿(As2Cu5H4O12)生成.     

Fabrication and photoelectrocatalytic properties of nanocrystalline monoclinic BiVO4 thin-film electrode

Monoclinic bismuth vanadate(BiVO4) thin film was fabricated on indium-tin oxide glass from an amorphous heteronuclear complex via dip-coating.After annealation at 400,500,and 600°C,the thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and UV-Vis spectrophotometry.The BiVO4 particles on the ITO glass surface had a monoclinic structure.The UV-Visible diffuse reflection spectra showed the BiVO4 thin film had photoabsorption propertie...     

BP神经网络和遗传算法在乳酸菌发酵参数优化中的应用

为提高短乳杆菌L2菌株γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的产量,建立了一个反映因素与产量之间的非线性关系模型.运用Plackett-Burman设计、中心组合试验设计(CCD)对MRS培养基组成和培养条件进行了优化,筛选出4个影响发酵的关键因素:蛋白胨、葡萄糖、谷氨酸钠、初始pH.在此基础上,采用误差反向传播神经网络(BPN)和遗传算法(GA)确定了4个关键因素的适宜参数:蛋白胨21.185 g/L,葡萄糖3.857 g/L,谷氨酸钠48.948 g/L,初始pH 4.05.最终使短乳杆菌L2菌株的GABA产量达到了27.765 g/L,比原始MRS培养基的13.452 g/L提高了106.4%.研究表明利用BPN-GA方法进行发酵条件优化是一种行之有效的途径.     

Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3在超临界水氧化中催化活性的研究

采用浸渍法制备了Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂,在超临界水中催化氧化降解1,5-萘二磺酸,探索了催化剂Mn2O3活性组分负载量、催化剂空速和反应溶液pH对Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性的影响。结果表明：Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3的催化活性在一定范围内随Mn2O3活性组分负载量的增加而提高;在一定范围内,Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3空速越小,模拟废水的COD去除率越高;Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化活性在反应溶液呈酸性情况下比碱性时高。