基于SVR的含缺陷管道剩余强度研究

针对采用标准预测含缺陷管道剩余强度误差较大这一问题,在Matlab中建立基于SVR的含缺陷管道剩余强度预测模型,并基于60组含缺陷管道爆破试验数据进行训练测试,以验证模型的实际性能.结果表明:SVR模型预测测试集结果的最小相对误差为0.55％,最大相对误差为10.35％,平均相对误差为2.63％,预测结果的R2高达0....     

生态足迹模型的缺陷及改进研究进展

从生态足迹的基本理论出发,总结概括了生态足迹假设条件及模型的缺陷：生态偏向性;估算遗漏性;分析静态性;土地“质”的不均衡性。综述了生态足迹分析模型相关问题改进的国内外研究进展,并对今后研究中应加强的几个方面进行了总结。     

Effect of nutrient conditions on the toxicity of naphthalene to Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The toxicity of naphthalene to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the subsequent recovery of algae from the damage were investigated under two nutrient conditions, either enriched with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), or starved of N and P. Results showed that C. pyrenoidosa was more sensitive to naphthalene under N,P-enriched condition, and the inhibitory rate generally increased at first and then decreased gradually with the evaporation of naphthalene under both nutrient conditions. Enriched N, P reduced the inhibitory rate at initial naphthalene concentration of 5 and 10 mg/L, but enhanced it at 100 mg/L, at which more severe ultrastructure damages were found than those under N,P-starved condition. Observed damages included partly or totally disappearance of nucleolus, nuclear, and plasma membranes. According to the chlorophyll content and cell density measurements, C. pyrenoidosa could recover from naphthalene damage with initial concentrations 6 50 mg/L in 7 days under both nutrient conditions, while they could not recover if the initial concentration of naphthalene was at 100 mg/L. Under the N,P-starved condition, the inability of C. pyrenoidosa to recover from the naphthalene damage was consistent with the results of high inhibitory rate, low value of specific growth rate (SGR, 0.05 day??1), and the severe destruction of cell structure. However, under the N,P-enriched conditions, the observed lower inhibitory rate, higher value of SGR (0.55 day??1), and the intact cell structure of most cells suggested that algae could potentially recover from the naphthalene damage.     

城市交通干道降雨径流中PAHs的污染特征

以上海、温州市典型交通干道地表径流为研究对象,分析了样品中16种溶解态和颗粒态PAHs浓度,了解了城市交通干道降雨径流中PAHs污染特征及其动态变化过程.结果表明,径流中∑PAHs(包括溶解相、颗粒相)浓度范围为919.8～16711.6ng·L-1,溶解相中PAHs浓度要远低于颗粒相(分别为4.9～1558.0ng·L-1,635.4～16624.0ng·L-1).通过对3场降雨事件中PAHs浓度随降雨过程变化的研究,可以发现并不是所有道路径流都有初期冲刷效应,初期冲刷的产生受雨前干期、降雨强度以及径流量等因素共同作用,因此简单拦截初期径流并不能十分有效地降低PAHs污染负荷.径流中PAHs在颗粒相-水相间的分配系数Kp值为2.3×104～2.5×106L·kg-1,随着悬浮颗粒物含量增加而减少,这可能跟径流过程中颗粒物粒径组成有关.     

广州番禺区不同地类的非点源污染排放特征

在广州番禺区建设代表城市、农田、村镇、园地4类典型集水区的径流试验小区,对每个径流小区采集3场有效降雨径流以研究不同土地利用类型的非点源污染负荷输出特征。结果表明,不同土地利用类型的污染物输出浓度差别较大,TSS和COD输出浓度(EMC值)的大小排列顺序为园地>农田>村镇>城市;NH3--N为农田>城市>园地>村镇;NO3--N为城市>农田>村镇>园地;TN为农田>城市>园地>村镇;TP为农田>园地>城市>村镇。对于农田集水区,TSS和COD的输出明显受降雨的影响,而N、P污染物的输出受施肥的影响更为显著;对于城市集水区,晴天累积污染物的数量和降雨情况是决定初期径流中污染负荷的主要因素。污染负荷与径流量之间相关性显著,且颗粒物是携带污染物的重要载体。各径流小区的初始冲刷效应分析结果显示,不透水地面更易发生降雨初期冲刷;降雨强度是影响降雨径流初始冲刷的关键因素。     

北京怀柔O3污染过程初始VOCs浓度特征及来源分析

为了解北京怀柔区夏季典型O₃污染过程中初始VOCs（挥发性有机物）浓度（以φ计）的特征,识别其关键物种及主要来源,于2016年8月3-11日在中国科学院大学雁栖湖校区教学楼顶开展强化观测,利用光化学物种比值法和连续反应模型法测算观测期间大气初始φ（VOCs）,采用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法估算初始VOCs的OFP（O₃生成潜势）,识别关键物种,并应用PMF（正交矩阵因子）模型对初始VOCs的来源进行解析.结果表明:北京怀柔区O₃污染过程中初始φ（VOCs）平均值为25.27×10-9,如忽略化学损失,φ（VOCs）将被低估约18.6%.初始VOCs的总OFP值为144.6×10-9,VOCs物种对总OFP贡献率的顺序依次为醛酮类>烯烃>芳香烃>烷烃,异戊二烯、乙醛、己醛、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、乙烯、丙烯、1,2,4-三甲苯、丁酮、1,3,5-三甲苯是怀柔区O₃形成的关键活性物种.PMF解析结果显示,机动车尾气源对初始φ（VOCs）的贡献率（23.5%）最高,其次是溶剂使用源（18.3%）、植物排放源（18.1%）、工业过程源（17.6%）、生物质燃烧源（12.1%）和煤炭燃烧源（10.5%）.研究显示,在北京怀柔区典型O₃污染过程中,减少机动车尾气源、溶剂使用源、上风向工业过程源的排放是控制怀柔区VOCs的有效措施,而控制异戊二烯、乙醛、己醛、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯等关键活性物种则是有效抑制VOCs排放对O₃生成贡献的重要手段.      

沙颍河流域行政单元的排污权初始分配研究

初始排污权的有效分配是排污权交易制度实施的基础,结合中国现行行政特征,以行政单元作为排污权初始分配主体开展排污权初始分配研究。具体是：以沙颍河流域为例,根据淮河水利委员会制定的沙颍河流域水功能区划及COD、氨氮限排总量要求,以COD、氨氮作为排污权初始分配的客体,通过等比例削减方法对沙颍河流域内的行政单元进行了排污权初始分配,得到了流域内各市县级行政单元的COD、氨氮初始排放权,并在此基础上从政策可行性、区域合作性及上下游城市的协调性等方面提出了开展排污权初始分配的若干建议。     

城市入河径流排放口总污染特征研究

流入城市雨源性河流的径流污染不容忽视,以我国南方典型城市深圳市的福田河流域为研究对象,经过18场典型降雨径流的测定,从污染过程线、径流初期效应识别和降雨事件平均浓度(EMC)等方面分析和讨论了城市河流入河径流排放口的总污染特征规律,有利于指导城市河流污染控制.结果表明,排放口地表径流浓度随时间变化历程中,COD、SS、TN、TP和BOD5普遍超出地表Ⅴ类水标准十多倍以上,某典型降雨场次的重金属(铬、镉、铜、砷和汞)污染较为严重,研究区排放口的浓度范围和平均值均高于重庆沙坪坝雨水口和加拿大Silerwood的雨水排放口,但低于武汉十里铺排放口.COD、SS、BOD5的初期效应尤为明显并且COD和SS冲刷强度较大,TN、TP初期效应不明显.COD、SS、TN、TP和BOD5的EMC浓度平均值分别为224.14、571.15、5.223、2.04、143.5 mg/L,在某种程度上,深圳市研究点的COD和SS的EMC值高于邻近的澳门、珠海,TN、TP值高于北京、广州、上海等城市,与国外的一些研究结果相比较,EMC值比韩国、美国及加拿大一些城市地表径流污染物浓度高得多,可见由排放口入河的径流总污染极其严重并需要治理.     

Evaluation of reusing alum sludge for the coagulation of industrial wastewater containing mixed anionic surfactants

A coagulation-flocculation process is typically employed to treat the industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry manufacturing detergents, soaps, and others. The expenditure of chemicals including coagulants and chemicals for pH adjustment is costly for treating this wastewater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing the aluminum sulfate (alum) sludge as a coagulant or as a coagulation aid so that the fresh alum dosage can be minimized or the removal e ciency can be enhanced. The experiments were conducted in a jar-test apparatus simulating the coagulation-flocculation process for simultaneous removals of organic matters, anionic surfactants, suspended solids, and turbidity. At the optimum initial pH value of 10 and the fresh alum concentration of 400 mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total anionic surfactants, and turbidity removal e ciencies were 71.5%, 76.4%, 95.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. The addition of alum sludge as a coagulant alone without any fresh alum addition could significantly remove the turbidity, TCOD, and anionic surfactants. The TSS was left in the supernatants after the settling period, but would subsequently be removed by adding the fresh alum. The TSS, TCOD, and turbidity removal e ciencies were also enhanced when both the alum sludge and the fresh alum were employed. The TCOD removal e ciency over 80% has been accomplished, which has never fulfilled by using the fresh alum alone. It is concluded that the alum sludge could be reused for the treatment of industrial wastewater generated by the consumer products industry.     

液相高压放电降解RB5染料废水的试验研究

随着印染工艺不断更新,大量化学分子结构复杂的化工染料应用到印染行业,使得常规的水处理工艺难以降解印染废水中的染料。本文以活性黑（RB5）染料为研究对象,采用液相高压放电产生强氧化性自由基来降解染料废水,考察反应时间、初始浓度和气体流量对RB5降解的影响,研究结果表明：在外部功率相同的情况下,浓度高染料其降解率相对较低;通入氧气量增加,产生的活性自由基和活性物质数量也增加,RB5的降解率也增大,但气流量不宜过大;高压放电产生的各种活性物质容易破坏染料发色基团的分子链,使其脱色。