Neighborhood form and CO2 emission: evidence from 23 neighborhoods in Jinan, China

To understand the household C02 emission level in China, as well as how much the neighborhoods＇ socio-economic or design factors could influence the CO2 emission, 23 neighborhoods in Jinan were investigated in 2009 and 2010. These neighborhoods fall into four different types： superblock, enclave, grid and traditional. The household CO2 emission includes sources of both in- home energy use and passenger transportation. The average CO2 emission per household is 7.66 t.a^-1, including 6.87 t in-home operational emission and 792 kg transportation emission. The household CO2 emission by neighborhood categories is 10.97, 5.65, 6.49, 5.40 t-household-1. a-1 for superblock, enclave, grid and tradi- tional respectively. Superblock has the highest average emission and also the highest percent （more than 25%） of transportation emission among four different types of neighborhoods. The residential CO2 emission of superb- lock neighborhoods in Jinan has already reached the level in developed countries nearly ten years ago. It is predictable that more superblock neighborhoods would be built in China with the fast urbanization. How to avoid the rapid household CO2 emission growth in the future would be a systematic issue. The study also found that in addition to income and apartment area, household density, land use mix and accessibility to public transportation are three primary factors which have significant impacts on CO2 emission. High density, mixed land use and convenient accessibility to public transportation tend to reduce household CO2 emission.     

Applications of nanomaterials in water treatment and environmental remediation

Nanotechnology has revolutionized plethora of scientific and technological fields; environmental safety is no exception. One of the most promising and well- developed environmental applications of nanotechnology has been in water remediation and treatment where different nanomaterials can help purify water through different mechanisms including adsorption of heavy metals and other pollutants, removal and inactivation of patho- gens and transformation of toxic materials into less toxic compounds. For this purpose, nanomaterials have been produced in different shapes, integrated into various composites and functionalized with active components. Nanomaterials have also been incorporated in nanostructured catalytic membranes which can in turn help enhance water treatment. In this article, we have provided a succinct review of the most common and popular nanomaterials （titania, carbon nanotubes （CNTs）, zero-valent iron, dendrimers and silver nanomaterials） which are currently used in environmental remediation and particularly in water purification. The catalytic properties and functionalities of the mentioned materials have also been discussed.     

煤矿安全监控系统研发与应用

<正>煤炭科学研究总院对煤矿安全监控系统网络结构可靠性及抗干扰技术进行了研究,并列入国家科技支撑计划项目,形成了新一代的煤矿安全生产监控系统及系列产品,该项目也被国家安全生产监管总局列为第一批安全科技"四个一批"项目之一。     

保障异形超高层建筑施工安全

<正>望京SOHO中心工程位于北京市朝阳区望京地区的核心区,是集商业、办公于一体的大型综合项目。整个建筑群由3栋塔体组成,每栋塔体的平面和立面都呈弧形,总建筑面积52万1 265 m2。由中建一局集团建设发展有限公司(以下简称"一局发展公司")承接的标段为T3塔楼和地下室部分C区,为3栋楼中最高的建筑,建筑面积16万4 250 m2。地上45层,地下4层。地上核心筒为钢筋混凝土结构,外框架为钢管混凝土柱—钢梁结构,塔楼顶为钢结构玻璃穹顶。望京SOHO中心T3工程     

ISM在事故原因层次分析中的应用

基于复杂系统结构特征的分析方法和模型,对事故原因进行分类,将事故的9类常见原因分为5类,通过事故原因之间的影响关系,可生成达成矩阵,从而明确了不同层次之间的关系,并对同一层要素之间的关系进行了关联分析,该项研究为事故预防提供了一个新途径,对提高企业的安全管理水平有一定的参考价值。     

企业安全文化的结构层次初探

介绍了企业安全文化的概念,探讨了企业安全文化在企业安全管理中的重要地位,提出了企业安全文化的层次结构模型。     

地下水的致灾效应及异常地下水流诱发地质灾害

地下水是诱发和触发近地表地质灾害的最主要因素,在地质灾害评价、预测与防治中具有特殊重要的意义。本文对灾害过程中地下水的地质-力学作用一般原理和规律作了较为全面的分析,提出了地质体水敏性和水敏结构的概念,尤其对地下水的化学作用进行了较为深入的分析。结合具体实例,揭示了两类典型的极端情况下地下水触发地质灾害的特殊机理。一类是大型顺层滑坡发生过程中的地下水的“水垫-楔裂”效应;另一类是深埋长隧道中,地下水在高强度水头压力作用下的“劈裂”效应。两类效应在西南地区斜坡地质灾害和深埋长隧道的修建过程中都具有一定的典型意义。     

黄冈长江干堤防渗方法研究

讨论了黄冈长江干堤堤身土质状况,对黄冈长江干堤堤基土层结构进行了分类。通过渗流计算提出了黄冈长江干堤典型断面堤基防渗加固处理措施。针对黄冈长江干堤堤基土层结构的特点,提出了黄冈长江干堤堤基防渗加固处理的原则,黄冈长江干堤加固的重点是堤基的防渗加固处理,应根据渗流计算的结果,考虑到堤防周围的地理、地质环境及人文社会因素,通过方案比较确定出合理的堤基防渗加固方案。由于黄冈长江干堤所在堤段的堤基透水层一般为砂壤土和粉细砂,因此黄冈长江干堤不宜于采用排渗井或减压沟进行堤基防渗。     

用EXAFS研究Zn在水锰矿上的吸附-解吸机理

用延展X光吸收精细结构光谱(EXAFS)研究了重金属Zn(Ⅱ)在水锰矿(γ-MnOOH)上吸附产物的微观结构及其吸附机理.结果表明,Zn(Ⅱ)-水锰矿体系中(pH 7.5,0.1mol/LNaNO₃介质,25℃),Zn²⁺主要是通过共用水合Zn²⁺的O原子及水锰矿表面上的O原子形成Zn-O键,从而结合到水锰矿固体表面上的.平均Zn-O原子间距为1.998±0.010 A(n=3).这个Zn-O键键长是六配位的Zn(H₂O)²⁺₆及其水解产物四配位的Zn(OH)₂或Zn(OH)₄^2-各以一定比例混合吸附于水锰矿表面而形成的.同时,对第二配位层(Zn-Mn相互作用)的EXAFS图谱分析证明存在2个典型的Zn-Mn原子间距,即R₁=3.08±0.024A(n=3)和R2=3.54±0.018 A(n=3).这2个Zn-Mn原子距分别对应于水锰矿结构单元MnO6八面体与Zn水合离子ZnO多面体结合的2种方式,即共用2个O原子的边-边结合与共用1个O原子的角-角结合.边-边结合是较强的吸附位,Zn-Mn原子距较短(R₁=3.08A),吸附较不可逆.角-角结合是较弱的吸附位,Zn-Mn原子距较长(R₂=3.54A),吸附较为可逆.这一结果从微观上证明了亚稳平衡态吸附理论(MEA理论)的基本假设,即具有相同吸附密度的同一吸附质由于吸附力强弱以及微观构型的不同可具有不同的化学位,因而证明了修正传统吸附热力学的基本假设(吸附密度为热力学状态函数)的必要性.宏观的吸附-解吸热力学实验表明Zn(Ⅱ)在水锰矿上的吸附是不可逆的,EXAFS结果指出这种不可逆性主要是由Zn水合离子中ZnO多面体与水锰矿结构单元MnO₆八面体之间的边-边结合所导致的.     

淮安枢纽立交地涵结构抗震分析

针对淮安立交地涵空间薄壁结构的受力特点，采用高精度六面体8结点非协调单元，建立了有际元模型，模拟了结构的布置形式和细部特征。考虑到闸室、地涵 和地基的相互作用，导出了可用于闸墙、闸室、渡槽的动水压力附加质量统一算式。计算了结构的自振特性，分析了Ⅶ度地震作用时的动力反应。研究方法和研究成果可供立交地涵和其综同类结构的抗震分析和设计参考。