Characteristics of ozone vertical profile observed in the boundary layer around Beijing in autumn

In the autumn of 2008, the vertical profiles of ozone and meteorological parameters in the low troposphere (0–1000 m) were observed at two sites around Beijing, specifically urban Nanjiao and rural Shangdianzi. At night and early morning, the lower troposphere divided into two stratified layers due to temperature inversion. Ozone in the lower layer showed a large gradient due to the titration of NO. Air flow from the southwest brought ozone-rich air to Beijing, and the ozone profiles were marked by a continuous increase in the residual layer at night. The accumulated ozone in the upper layer played an important role in the next day’s surface peak ozone concentration, and caused a rapid increase in surface ozone in the morning. Wind direction shear and wind speed shear exhibited different influences on ozone profiles and resulted in different surface ozone concentrations in Beijing.     

正交试验优化垂直潜流人工湿地实现短程硝化

采用垂直潜流人工湿地(VSFCW)处理生活污水并实现短程硝化.将温度、pH值、溶解氧(DO)、HRT分别控制在:(30±2)℃、(8.4±0.2)、(1.5±0.2)mg/L、12h的条件下,COD去除率与NH₄⁺-N去除率(ARE),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)分别为73.14%、98.51%、65.18%.向VSFCW中投加羟胺(NH₂OH),来进一步提高NAR.通过设计4因素5水平正交试验获取NH₂OH浓度、DO、温度、pH值的最佳控制条件.在本试验中,方差分析结果表明:NH₂OH浓度和温度对NAR的影响极其显著(P≤0.01).DO与pH值对NAR的影响不显著(P>0.05).对方差分析结果进行优化验证,当投加1.0mg/L的NH₂OH时,即使温度从30℃降低至23℃,NAR仍可达到89.15%.COD去除率与ARE为75.67%与88.76%.Nitrosomonas的丰度从1.62%增长至4.06%,Nitrospira的丰度从1.65%降至...     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地养分累积与沉积特征

研究了三江平原两类典型沼泽湿地(毛果苔草沼泽和芦苇沼泽)沉积物剖面有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫的垂直分布规律,初步分析了三江平原湿地的沉积速率与沉积通量.结果表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫在垂直方向上具有明显的分层和富聚现象,自上而下,有机碳的含量逐渐降低;全氮含量呈先增加后减少的分布趋势;毛果苔草沼泽全磷含量呈先减少后增加的"V"型分布,芦苇沼泽全磷含量逐渐降低;全硫的分布和有机碳的分布规律一致.相关性分析表明,全氮、全磷和全硫与有机碳之间呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);有机碳与容重之间呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01).植被类型是影响沼泽湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫的空间分布的主要因素之一.应用137Cs、210Pb测定沉积年代,并结合恒定放射性通量(CRS)模式推算年龄的结果表明,三江平原湿地平均沉积速率为0.33 cm·a-1,沉积通量为0.03～0.48 g·(cm2·a)-1,平均为0.29 g·(cm2·a)-1.     

不同类型LDHs对垂直流人工湿地无烟煤基质的覆膜改性及其脱氮效果研究

选取垂直流人工湿地无烟煤基质,采用不同类型金属化合物(CaCl2、ZnCl2、MgCl2、FeCl3、AlCl3、CoCl3)两两组合方式,在碱性环境下共沉淀生成9种不同类型的层状双金属氢氧化物LDHs并覆膜于基质表面;构建基质试验柱,分别对未改性及9种LDHs覆膜改性无烟煤基质进行模拟垂直流人工湿地脱氮效果研究.结果表明,9种不同组合方式生成的LDHs均能有效地进行无烟煤基质覆膜改性;Mg2+参与合成的改性基质对TN和氨氮均有很好的去除效果,其中MgCo-LDHs改性基质对TN的平均去除率超过80%,对氨氮的平均去除率达到了85%;Mg2+和Fe3+参与合成的改性基质对氨氮的去除效果优良,其中CaFe-LDHs和MgFe-LDHs改性基质的平均去除率达到了85%以上.     

珠江三角洲沉积物钻孔中多溴联苯醚的垂直变化规律研究

采用GC/MS分析方法测定了珠江三角洲水体5个钻孔(分别采自东江东莞段、珠江广州段、北江中段、西江入海口和顺德段)80个样品中10种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs,BDE209和∑9BDEs)的含量,对其沉积规律进行研究和探讨.∑9BDEs含量范围为1.54~94.8 ng·g-1,平均值为15.4 ng·g-1.BDE209含量范围为14.4~588 ng·g-1,平均值为136 ng·g-1,占总PBDEs含量的70%以上.钻孔中PBDEs含量从底部到表层呈现上升趋势,表明近年来珠江三角洲PBDEs环境排放仍在增加.5个钻孔中低溴代∑9BDEs从表层至底部逐渐增加,而高溴代∑9BDEs逐渐减少,意味着钻孔中可能存在脱溴降解行为.     

Pollutant removal from municipal wastewater employing baffled subsurface flow and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetlands

This article reports pollutant removal performances of baffled subsurface flow, and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetland units, when arranged in series for the treatment of municipal wastewater in Bangladesh. The wetland units （of the hybrid system） included organic, inorganic media, and were planted with nineteen types of macrophytes. The wetland train was operated under hydraulic loading fluctuation and seasonal variation. The performance analyses （across the wetland units） illustrated simultaneous denitrification and organics removal rates in the first stage vertical flow wetland, due to organic carbon leaching from the employed organic media. Higher mean organics removal rates （656.0 g COD]（m2.day）） did not completely inhibit nitrification in the first stage vertical flow system; such pattern could be linked to effective utilization of the trapped oxygen, as the flow was directed throughout the media by the baffle walls. Second stage horizontal flow wetland showed enhanced biodegradable organics removal, which depleted organic carbon availability for denitrification. The final stage integrated wetland system allowed further nitrogen removal from wastewater, via nutrient uptake by plant roots （along with nitrification）, and generation of organic carbon （by the dead macrophytes） to support denitrification. The system achieved higher E. coli mortality through protozoa predation, E. coli oxidation, and destruction by UV radiation. In general, enhanced pollutant removal efflciencies as demonstrated by the structurally modified hybrid wetland system signify the necessity of such modification, when operated under adverse conditions such as： substantial input organics loading, hydraulic loading fluctuation, and seasonal variation.     

湖北菱角湖沉积物中重金属垂直分布及形态分析

以湖北省菱角湖沉积物为研究对象,分析沉积物中砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)等4种重金属的垂直分布情况,并通过地累积指数(Igeo)法对重金属污染程度进行评价。同时选取污染较为严重的As、Pb进行形态分析,以了解其潜在生态风险。地累积指数结果表明,菱角湖沉积物中Pb为轻度或偏中度污染,As、Hg主要为清洁或轻度污染,Cd为清洁;形态分析表明,As以残渣态为主,不同深度的形态分布基本保持不变,潜在生物有效性较低;Pb以残渣态为主,其次是铁锰氧化结合态,残渣态和铁锰氧化结合态随深度的增加分别增加和减少,潜在危害性增加。     

地下水中溶解性有机物的垂直分布特征及成因

地下水中溶解性有机物(DOM)能够改变外来污染物的存在形态和迁移转化过程,其组成和分布特征研究具有重要的环境意义.采用紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱,联合平行因子分析和主成分分析,对3个不同埋深(1.2、1.5及1.8 m)地下水中DOM的来源、组成、浓度、分布特征及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,地下水中DOM来源于陆源有机质输入和微生物活动,含有类腐殖质、异质性有机物和类蛋白物质这3种组分,类腐殖质与异质性有机物在中下层含量最高而表层最低,类蛋白物质在中间层含量最低而表层含量最高.中下层地下水中DOM的芳香性、腐殖化率、分子量和极性官能团含量最高,而表层地下水中DOM的芳香性、腐殖化率、分子量和极性官能团含量最低.地下水中DOM的垂直分布主要受有机质腐殖化率、芳香性、分子量和极性影响,腐殖化率和芳香性强、分子量大和极性高的DOM难降解、易迁移进入下层地下水.     

太原市污灌区有机氯农药垂直分布特征及源解析

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）方法分析了太原市小店污灌区9个土壤剖面中有机氯农药（OCPs）的垂直分布特征.结果表明,OCPs主要积累在土壤上层0～30 cm,含量最大值为98.56 ng·g-1,其中六六六（HCHs）、滴滴涕（DDTs）、硫丹（endosulfans）和甲氧滴滴涕（methoxychlor）为主要污染物质,占总有机氯农药的85.1%,其它有机氯农药物质相对含量较少.绝大部分剖面土中OCPs含量随着深度增加而明显减少,β-HCH和DDE（o,p＇-DDE＋p,p＇-DDE）在HCH农药和DDT农药中占主要成分.组分分析表明,清灌区和沼泽区中最近可能有新的DDT源输入,其它剖面土中HCH和DDT主要来自历史使用残留.研究区内绝大部分土壤为粉砂壤土;污灌区和清灌区中ΣOCPs含量与总有机碳（TOC）均表现出明显正相关性,但沼泽区和背景点与TOC相关性不显著.