广东北江流域降水时空分布及其与Niño 3区SST相关性分析

论文选取广东省北江流域18站1965-2007年月降水数据,应用REOF方法将月降水量场划分为4个子区域,利用Mann-Kendall方法进行趋势检验,并采用滑动t检验方法进行变点分析,结果表明:流域东南部年降水量呈减少趋势,西北部呈增加趋势,年降水量增加变点出现在1992、1993年。选取REOF各分区最大特征向量载荷的站作为基准站,采用Morlet小波、交叉小波变换和小波相干分析其周期特征及其与Niño 3区SST相关关系,结果表明:4站月降水量周期变化均与Niño 3区SST相关显著;时滞相关分析表明,南雄、佛冈、连南三站月降水量变化与Niño 3区SST相关性在滞后3、4个月时最强,而三水站在同期相关性最强,这种差别可能与三水附近地区近几十年来受到的人类活动影响较强有关。     

Degradation of direct azo dye by Cucurbita pepo free and immobilized peroxidase

Enzymatic decolourization of the azo dye, Direct Yellow (DY106) by Cucurbita pepo (courgette) peroxidase (CP) is a complex process, which is greatly affected by pH, temperature, enzyme activity and the concentrations of H₂O₂ and dye. Courgette peroxidase was extracted and its performance was evaluated by using the free-CP (FCP) and immobilized-CP (ICP) forms in the decolourization of DY106. Immobilization of peroxidase in calcium alginate beads was performed according to a strategy aiming to minimize enzyme leakage and keep its activity at a maximum value by optimizing sodium alginate content, enzyme loading and calcium chloride concentration. The initial conditions at which the highest DY106 decolourization yield was obtained were found at pH 2, temperature 20℃, H₂O₂ dose 1 mmol/L (FCP) and 100 mmol/L (ICP). The highest decolourization rates were obtained for dye concentrations 50 mg/L (FCP) and 80 mg/L (ICP). Under optimal conditions, the FCP was able to decolorize more than 87% of the dye within 2 min. While with ICP, the decolourization yield was 75% within 15 min. The decolourization and removal of DY106 was proved by UV-Vis analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis was also performed on DY106 and enzymatic treatment precipitated byproduct.     

Fe2O3 particles as superior catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Fe203 particle catalysts were experimentally studied in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, [NH3]/[NO] molar ratio and residence time on SCR activity were studied. It was found that Fe203 catalysts had high activity for the SCR of NO with NH3 in a broad temperature range of 150-270℃, and more than 95% NO conversion was obtained at 180℃ when the molar ratio [NH3]/[NO] = 1, the residence time was 0.48 seconds and 02 volume fraction was 3%. In addition, the effect of SO2 on SCR catalytic activity was also investigated at the temperature of 180℃. The results showed that deactivation of the Fe2O3 particles occurred due to the presence of SO2 and the NO conversion decreased from 99.2% to 58% in 240 min, since SO2 gradually decreased the catalytic activity of the catalysts. In addition, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fresh and deactivated Fe2O3 catalysts. The results showed that the deactivation caused by SO2 was due to the formation of metal sulfates and ammonium sulfates on the catalyst surface during the de-NO reaction, which could cause pore plugging and result in suppression of the catalytic activity.     

浅谈烟尘采样的两种分析验证方案

本文应用两种污染物传递数学模型分析烟尘采样过程,第一个模型假设烟尘经过采样后又经过一段物理运动重新达到平衡,因此得到采样后烟尘浓度和采样器内浓度的数学等式,第二种模型则是在第一种的模型基础之上给出烟尘浓度随,的变化而变化的数学表示式子.     

氟化物排放分析及防治对策探讨——以包头铝业股份有限责任公司为例

本论文通过对包头铝业股份有限责任公司排氟源的测试,分析研究有组织和天窗无组织排放氟化物贡献率,并提出科学合理的污染防治措施。研究表明,电解车间天窗无组织排放所占的污染贡献率较大,对周边环境的污染影响严重,是造成周边环境质量超标的主要原因;提高烟气的捕集效率,减少从天窗排放的无组织烟气以达到控制环境污染的目的是一条比较实际、可行的措施。具体控制措施如下:第一,加强对电解铝厂技术工人的技术教育和培训,提高工人的操作技能,严格生产管理,制定相应的规章制度;第二,科学控制排烟量;第三,尝试使用新的技术手段。     

模拟医疗废物在TG-DTA-FTIR上的热失重特性研究

在热重-差热分析仪上对模拟医疗废物分别在氮气和空气气氛中不同升温速率下加热的热失重行为进行了研究,并对升温速率和不同气氛对其热失重行为的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,随升温速率的提高,模拟医疗废物在2种气氛下热失重时挥发分初析出温度（T_s）向高温方向偏移、失重速率峰值（DTG_max）显著增大;在氮气气氛下,物料热失重时有2个失重峰,前后2个峰的失重率分别为31%和59%左右,在空气气氛下,有3个失重峰,前2个峰失重率分别在44%～59%和31%～46%之间.同时,结合同步傅立叶变换红外光谱仪对各个条件下的气体产物进行了定性分析,并对其中的CO、CO₂、H₂O和CH₄进行了定量分析.实验发现,模拟医疗废物在2种气氛下热失重主要阶段的产物种类相似,都检测到了CO₂、CO、烷烃类、醛类、羧酸、醇类和烯烃的特征吸收峰.并且,结果显示升温速率和气氛条件对CO、CO₂、H₂O和CH₄的生成量都有影响.在热失重的主要阶段,水分含量随加热时间变化曲线上显示1个向下的峰,说明载气中原有水分参与了反应.     

1957-2007年新疆天山山区气候变化对径流的影响

利用天山山区1957-2007年的气温、降水量及径流数据,借助非参数检验、小波变换等方法分析了天山山区气温、降水量及年径流量的变化趋势及多时间尺度相关。结果表明:玛纳斯河与塔里木河源流区年径流量、气温与降水量均呈显著增加趋势;在年代际上,塔里木河源流区气温存在11、18和22 a的主周期,降水量存在10、20与22 a的主周期;玛纳斯河气温在10与22 a处存在明显周期,降水量在20与22 a处周期性明显;同时,两源流区气温和降水量皆存在3~6 a的年际周期变化;塔里木河年径流量、气温和降水量的突变点分别发生在1993、1993和1992年,而玛纳斯河分别在1995、1988与1996年发生显著性突变;两流域源流区年径流量与气候因子存在显著的多时间尺度相关关系。     

Removal of phosphate by Fe-coordinated amino-functionalized 3D mesoporous silicates hybrid materials

Phosphate removal from aqueous waste streams is an important approach to control the eutrophication downstream bodies of water. A Fe(III) coordinated amino-functionalized silicate adsorbent for phosphate adsorption was synthesized by a post-grafting and metal cation incorporation process. The surface structure of the adsorbent was characterized by X-ray di raction, N2 adsoropion/desoprotion technique, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the adsorption equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity of the modified silicate material was 51.8 mg/g. The kinetic data from the adsorption of phosphate were fitted to pseudo second-order model. The phosphate adsorption was highly pH dependent and the relatively high removal of phosphate fell within the pH range 3.0–6.0. The coexistence of other anions in solutions has an adverse e ect on phosphate adsorption; a decrease in adsorption capacity followed the order of exogenous anions: F?? > SO2?? 4 > NO??3 > Cl??. In addition, the adsorbed phosphate could be desorbed by NaOH solutions. This silicate adsorbent with a large adsorption capacity and relatively high selectivity could be utilized for the removal of phosphate from aqueous waste streams or in aquatic environment.     

Potential particulate pollution derived from UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide

UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was carried out in a static White cell chamber with UV irradiation. The combination of in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) technique, filter sampling and ion chromatographic (IC) analysis was used to monitor the gaseous and potential particulate products. During 240 min of UV irradiation, the degradation e ciency of DMS attained 20.9%, and partially oxidized sulfur-containing gaseous products, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were identified by in situ FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, respectively. Accompanying with the oxidation of DMS, suspended particles were directly detected to be formed by WPS techniques. These particles were measured mainly in the size range of accumulation mode, and increased their count median diameter throughout the whole removal process. IC analysis of the filter samples revealed that methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and other unidentified chemicals accounted for the major non-refractory compositions of these particles. Based on products analysis and possible intermediates formed, the degradation pathways of DMS were proposed as the combination of the O(1D)- and the OH- initiated oxidation mechanisms. A plausible formation mechanism of the suspended particles was also analyzed. It is concluded that UV-induced degradation of odorous DMS is potentially a source of particulate pollutants in the atmosphere.     

Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution using red loess as an adsorbent

The adsorption behaviors of heavy metals onto novel low-cost adsorbent, red loess, were investigated. Red loess was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The results indicated that red loess mainly consisted of silicate, ferric and aluminum oxides. Solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal concentration, contact time and temperature significantly influenced the efficiency of heavy metals removal. The adsorption reached equilibrium at 4 hr, and the experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir monolayer adsorption model. The adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto red loess was endothermic, while the adsorption of Pb(II) was exothermic. The maximum adsorption capacities of red loess for Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were estimated to be 113.6, 34.2 and 17.5 mg/g, respectively at 25°C and pH 6. The maximum removal efficiencies were 100% for Pb(II) at pH 7, 100% for Cu(II) at pH 8, and 80% for Zn(II) at pH 8. The used adsorbents were readily regenerated using dilute HC1 solution, indicating that red loess has a high reusability. All the above results demonstrated that red loess could be used as a possible alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution.