文丘里洗涤过滤型FCVS性能评价述评及建议

通过调研对国内外文丘里洗涤过滤型FCVS性能评价进展进行了阐述与比较,指出国内开展文丘里洗涤过滤型FCVS出厂性能评价不全面,需进一步开展相关性能评价技术研究;FCVS在现场的安装质量如何,随着时间的推移性能变化如何,并未开展试验验证,结合法规要求等,建议开展FCVS现场试验评价技术的研究.     

川西亚高山天然次生林生态功能恢复综合评价

川西亚高山原始针叶林遭受大规模采伐后自然恢复形成的次生林已成为该区域的主要森林类型之一,具有重要的生态功能.现有森林生态功能评价大多为水源涵养等单一生态功能,尚缺乏针对多种生态功能的综合评价.采用空间代替时间的方法,以岷江冷杉原始林为参照,基于植物群落学与生物量调查,以及植物和土壤样品采集与测定,分析次生林植物多样性、...     

空心玻璃微珠对泡沫灭火剂发泡能力和热稳定性影响研究

本文研究了空心玻璃微珠添加量及泡沫液浓度对泡沫灭火剂发泡能力和稳定性的影响,对比了热辐射条件下空心玻璃微珠添加前后泡沫的热稳定性.结果表明,添加量低于40%时,空心玻璃微珠对泡沫灭火剂发泡能力影响不大,而泡沫的稳定性显著降低,添加量为50%时,虽泡沫发泡能力降低,但泡沫的稳定性却增强.泡沫的发泡能力随蛋白泡沫浓度升高而增强.蛋白浓度为10%,空心微珠添加量为50%时,由于泡沫内部形成了稳定的三相泡沫骨架结构,泡沫热稳定性较未添加微珠之前显著增强.     

天津蓟运河故道消落带土壤种子库特征与土壤理化性质分析

为确定蓟运河故道消落带土壤种子库特征与土壤理化性质之间的关系,开展土壤萌发试验并测定了土壤理化性质. 结果表明:①土壤物种呈3个聚类组,聚类组1分布在土壤含水率为50%~100%、w(全盐)为0.8~1.4 g/kg的区域,聚类组2分布在土壤含水率为40%~50%、w(全盐)为0.4~0.8 g/kg的区域,聚类组3分布在土壤含水率为25%~40%、w(全盐)为0.2~0.4 g/kg的区域;②土壤w(有机质)、w(全盐)和含水率对土壤种子库物种的分布影响较大,而w(速效K)、w(速效N)、w(速效P)和pH对其影响不大;③随着土壤w(全盐)、含水率的增加及w(有机质)的减少,土壤种子库物种中一年生植物所占比例呈增加趋势,二年生植物比例先减少后增加,多年生植物比例先增加后减少;④随着土壤w(全盐)、含水率的增加以及w(有机质)的减少,消落带土壤种子库的Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef丰富度指数呈下降趋势,而生态优势度和Pielou均匀度指数随着水位的降低有增大的趋势. 研究得出天津蓟运河故道消落带土壤种子库特征与土壤理化性质有重要关系,适当地进行人为管理和调控对土壤环境的改善及土壤种子库多样性增加有积极作用.      

基于纳污量的流域水环境管理模式——以金华江流域义乌段为例

为解决金华江流域义乌段水质与水功能区要求间失衡的环境问题,建立基于水体纳污能力的流域水环境管理模式.以QUAL2K模型为基础估算了金华江流域义乌段BOD和氨氮纳污能力;建立了同时考虑点源和面源的BOD、氨氮日最大排污量的管理模式.结果表明,流域BOD、氨氮纳污总量分别为4865.5 kg·d-1和431.20 kg·d-1;按照BOD、氨氮现状,其排放量分别削减49.63%和88.71%,才能基本满足流域水环境功能区要求.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

生物炭对三氯生的吸附热动力学研究

以玉米秸秆、皇竹草和花生壳为原料制备成玉米秸秆生物炭(BCcs)、皇竹草生物炭(BCn)、花生壳生物炭(BCps),采用CEC、等电点滴定,表面官能团分析,元素分析、FT-IR、扫描电镜等方法对3种生物炭进行表征,采用单因素静态吸附实验方法考察了生物炭吸附三氯生的主要影响因素.结果表明:CEC和表面官能团数量排序为BCcsBCnBCps,BCcs极性和亲水性更强,孔结构发育更加完善,其次是BCn,BCps的极性和亲水性最弱,孔隙极少.3种生物炭对三氯生的吸附去除率均随着三氯生初始浓度的升高而升高,随着温度的升高而降低,酸性更有利于吸附实验的进行.低离子强度有利于BCcs和BCn吸附三氯生,BCps则相反.在10、25、40℃3种温度下,3种生物炭对三氯生的吸附均更符合准二级反应动力学,Freundilich等温方程和Langmuir等温方程都能描述这3种生物炭对三氯生的吸附行为,吸附反应属于自发、放热反应.吸附机制主要为物理吸附,生物炭与三氯生之间无化学键、配位基交换等强作用力.     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

北京10个常绿树种颗粒物吸附能力研究

大气中颗粒物PM(particulate matter)不仅造成环境污染,还对人体造成严重的危害.城市绿色植物作为大气过滤器,能够有效地提高城市空气质量,保护人体健康.因此了解不同树种对空气颗粒物的吸附滞纳作用是必要的.以北京植物园10种常绿植被为研究对象,应用空气气溶胶再发生器(QRJZFSQ-I)测定了北京市常见6种乔木和4种灌木叶片对空气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0的吸附能力.结果表明:1不同树种叶片表面附着颗粒物的能力差异明显,最高的是雪松(Cedrus deodara)和油松(Pinus tabuliformis),吸附量分别是(18.95±0.71)μg·cm-2和(14.61±0.78)μg·cm-2,冷杉(Abies fabri)最小,为(8.02±0.4)μg·cm-2;2不同树种叶片单位面积对不同颗粒物的附着能力也存在差异,附着PM10能力最强的是油松和雪松,附着PM2.5能力最强的是雪松、铺地柏(Juniperus procumbens)、龙柏(Juniperus chinensis cv.kaizuka)和油松,附着PM1.0能力最强的是雪松、铺地柏、冷杉和油松;3不同月份叶片上附着的各粒级颗粒物(PM10、PM2.5)占TSP的比例不同.其中PM10在4~6月之间主要表现两种变化趋势,一是先上升后下降,主要为灌木树种;二是逐渐上升,主要的树种是乔木树种.而PM2.5则没有这种明显的变化趋势.     

LaCl_3对绿萝净化甲醛能力及生理生化变化的研究

对南通市新城区20个居民小区共110家住户,进行入户调查并检测室内空气甲醛浓度;以室内观赏植物绿萝作为受试对象,分析喷施稀土LaCl3对绿萝叶片叶绿素含量和质膜透性的影响,进而确定绿萝喷施LaCl3的适宜剂量;采用熏蒸法考察LaCl3对甲醛胁迫下室内观赏植物绿萝降醛能力的影响,并研究其甲醛抗性的生理生化机制。研究结果表明,南通市新城区居室空气甲醛污染较为严重,污染程度与装修后时间长短有关;绿萝喷施LaCl3的适宜浓度为20 mg/L;在喷施适宜浓度LaCl3之后,室内观赏植物绿萝单位叶面积吸收甲醛能力有所增强,提升幅度为19.75%;甲醛胁迫下,绿萝叶绿素含量降低了39.87%,质膜透性和MDA累积量分别增加了8.17、56.92%,POD活性升高了11.32%;经LaCl3预处理后,较甲醛胁迫组,绿萝叶绿素含量降幅与质膜透性、MDA浓度增幅均变小,而POD活性增幅变大。