渤海渔获物资源结构的变化特征及其影响因素分析

论文基于对渔业统计和海洋调查资料的集成研究,运用渔获物平均营养级指数探讨了近50 a 来渤海捕捞渔获物资源结构的变化特征及其影响因素,发现1956-2000 年间,渤海捕捞渔获物平均营养级（Y）与公元年份（X）具有Y=-0.008X+19.777 （R=-0.710,n=41,Sig.=0.000）的统计关系,渤海捕捞渔获物平均营养级每年下降约0.01。黄河入海径流量与捕捞渔获物平均营养级之间正相关性显著,其机制是淡水输入量通过改变适应不同盐度渔业资源生物幼体的相对组成而最终影响其成体后的组成结构;通过食物链的传递,水体氮磷比的升高和硅的降低也会对其产生影响;浮游动物与底栖动物生物量比值与浮游食物链和底栖食物链渔业资源生物量比值有很好的对应关系,表明上行作用对捕捞渔获物资源结构的变化具有重要影响。     

辽河水系沉积物中PAHs的分布特征及风险评估

采用GC-MS方法测定了辽河流域19个采样点位枯水期以及丰水期表层沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,共检出15种PAHs.枯水期ΣPAHs为123.5～21 233.4 ng·g-1,平均含量为3 208.1 ng·g-1;丰水期ΣPAHs为37.9～9 014.0ng·g-1,平均含量为1 612.0 ng·g-1.利用特征化合物指数法对PAHs进行源分析,主要来源是燃料燃烧.运用平均沉积物质量基准商（mSQG-Q）对辽河流域PAHs进行风险评价,芴和芘存在中低度生态效应;丰水期抚顺段L3-1有较强的负面效应,枯水期沈阳段L1-1点位、抚顺段L3-1和L3-2有较强的负面效应.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soil from the Tibetan Plateau

Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans（PCDD/Fs） and polychlorinated biphenyls（PCBs） in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was（2.30 ± 1.02） pg/g, and World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalency（WHO-TEQ） average concentration was（0.013 ± 0.010）pg WHO-TEQ/g. The average concentration of ∑PCBs（7 indicator PCB and 12 dioxin like-PCB congeners） was（16.2 ± 9.25） pg/g, and WHO-TEQ average concentration was 0.043 ±0.049 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Comparing to previous studies in similar environmental conditions,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in this study showed a relatively lower concentration. The altitude dependences of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also studied. Total organic carbon（TOC） normalized concentrations presented a quadratic relation with the altitudes, and an inflection could be found on the parabola of the total concentrations and some congeners of high concentration.The concentrations decreased with altitudes below about 4500 m above sea level（a.s.l.）, while they increased with altitudes above it. These phenomena indicate that cold condensation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs would happen above 4500 m a.s.l, on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Settling basin design in a constructed wetland using TSS removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time

Using total suspended solid （TSS） removal efficiency and hydraulic retention time （HRT） as design parameters a design guideline of a settling basin in a constructed wetland （CW） was suggested; as well as management of sediment and particle in the settling basin. The CW was desiEned to treat the piggery wastewater effluent from a wastewater treatment plant during dry days and stonnwater runoff from the surrounding paved area during wet days. The first settling basin （FSB） in the CVV was theoretically designed with a total storage volume （TSV） of 453 ms and HRT of 5.5 hr. The amount of sediment and particles settled at the FSB was high due to the sedimentation and interception of plants in the CVV. Dredging of sediments was performed when the retention rate at the FSB decreased to approximately 80%. Findings showed that the mean flow rate was 21.8 m3/hr less than the designed flow rate of 82.8 m3/hr indicating that the FSB was oversize and operated with longer HRT （20.7 hr） compared to the design HRT. An empirical model to estimate the length of the settling basin in the CW was developed as a function of HRT and desired TSS removal efficiency. Using the minimum tolerable TSS removal efficiency of 30%, the length of the FSB was estimated to be 31.2 m with 11.8 hr HRT.     

Relationship between catchment characteristics and nitrogen forms in Cao-E River Basin, Eastern China

The distribution of different nitrogen forms and their spatial and temporal variations in different pollution types of tributaries or reaches were investigated. Based on the catchments characteristics the tributaries or reaches can be classified into 4 types, including headwater in mountainous areas (type I), agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution in rural areas (type II), municipal and industrial pollution in urban areas (type III), and combined pollution in main stream (type IV). Water samples were...     

Effects of ozonation and coagulation on effluent organic matter characteristics and ultrafiltration membrane fouling

Effluent organic matter （EfOM） is the major cause of fouling in the low pressure membranes process for wastewater reuse. Coagulation and oxidation of biological wastewater treatment effluent have been applied for the fouling control of microfiltration membranes. However, the change in EfOM structure by pre-treatments has not been clearly identified. The changes of EfOM characteristics induced by coagulation and ozonation were investigated through size exclusion chromatography, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry and titrimetric analysis to identify the mechanisms in the reduction of ultrafiltration （UF） membrane fouling. The results indicated that reduction of flux decline by coagulation was due to modified characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） content. Total concentration of DOC was not reduced by ozonation. However, the mass fraction of the molecules with molecular weight larger than 5 kDa, fluorescence intensity, aromaticity, highly condensed chromophores, average molecular weight and soluble microbial byproducts decreased greatly after ozonation. These results indicated that EfOM was partially oxidized by ozonation to low molecular weight, highly charged compounds with abundant electron- withdrawing functional groups, which are favourable for alleviating UF membrane flux decline.     

不同生长期和磷浓度下砷酸盐对铜绿微囊藻生长及砷吸收的影响

为了查明As(V)对不同生长期铜绿微囊藻生长和砷吸收的影响,分别在铜绿微囊藻的不同生长期,在低磷(0.02 mg·L~(-1))、中磷(0.1mg·L~(-1))和高磷(0.5 mg·L~(-1))水平,以及不同As(V)浓度下开展全因子室内模拟实验.结果表明,延缓期时,3个磷浓度下,As(V)添加均显著促进藻的生长,与对照组(CK)相比,平均生长速率(μ2d,下同)增长21.49%~32.23%,但不同砷处理浓度之间无显著性差异;同一砷浓度处理时,磷浓度梯度变化对藻的生长也无显著性影响.指数增长期时,As(V)添加均显著抑制藻的生长,其中,低磷浓度条件下的抑制作用最强,与CK相比,μ2d降低42.35%~106.30%,且随砷浓度升高呈线性下降,而中磷和高磷浓度下砷处理浓度之间无显著性差异.稳定期时,砷处理对藻的生长影响表现为逐渐升高的抑制作用(负生长速率值),其中,中磷浓度条件下抑制效应最高,与CK相比,μ2d降低1387%~3181%,高磷浓度条件下抑制效应最低,μ2d降低15.53%~378.00%.指数增长期和稳定期胞内砷含量结果表明,低磷浓度下不同生长期As(V)添加均显著促进藻细胞对砷的吸收,胞内砷含量大致随砷处理浓度增加而线性增长,而中磷和高磷浓度时藻细胞吸收砷的效应显著减弱,在指数增长期时则基本无效应,即磷对藻吸收砷具有显著的抑制作用.中磷和高磷浓度下,处于延缓期的铜绿微囊藻胞内砷含量高于处于指数增长期胞内砷含量,反映了藻类爆发时对砷的快速代谢外排特征.本研究成果可为认识砷污染与湖泊富营养化之间的相互作用提供科学基础.     

关中地区表层土壤碳储量问题的研究

土壤碳储量问题是碳循环和全球变化研究的基本问题,关系到全球生态环境的发展、平衡与兴衰。论文利用多目标区域地球化学调查取得的大量数据,用实测方法计算出关中地区表层土壤(0～0.2m)全碳(TC)储量为1.50×108 t,平均储量为4994.16t/km2;其中,有机碳(TOC)储量为0.71×108 t,平均储量为2350.14t/km2。通过对研究区内表层单位土壤碳储量分布规律的研究发现,TOC储量在基岩山地和低山丘陵等植被覆盖较高的地区相对较高。对表层土壤的平均碳储量分别按照土壤类型、土地利用、地貌单元和成土母质类型进行分类统计,结果表明研究区内:粗骨土的平均有机碳和全碳储量均最高,风沙土均最低,黑垆土的平均无机碳(TIC)储量最高,棕壤最低;农用地中,林地的平均TOC和TC储量最高,TIC储量最低;各地貌单元平均TOC储量的大小顺序为:基岩山地﹥低山丘陵﹥平原﹥黄土高原﹥黄土塬;成土母质为山前洪冲积的土壤平均TOC储量最高,渭河冲洪积土壤最低。     

利用ARIMA(自回归移动平均)模型对跑道侵入事件的分析及预测

综合运用具有相当精度的时间序列分析方法,建立美国民航运输安全中的机场跑道侵入的AR IMA(自回归移动平均)模型,克服了样本空间总是有限带来的不足,揭示出民航跑道侵入的动态变化规律,并对未来美国民航跑道侵入事故发生次数进行较准确的预测,为我国民航部门科学地制定飞行计划、人员培训、提高安全管理水平,提供可靠的依据。     

Logistic回归模型在尘肺发病预测与控制中的应用研究

目的 :探讨 L ogistic回归模型在尘肺发病预测与控制中的应用。方法 :采用多元Logistic回归统计方法建立粉尘作业工人的接尘工龄 (ET)、工龄平均浓度 (AEC)、粉尘毒性 (T)三因素与尘肺发病概率的回归模型。结果 :尘肺发病预测与控制的回归模型为 :P=1/ { 1+ exp[- (- 5.4 70 7+ 0 .0 94 7ET+ 0 .0 0 2 4 AEC+ 1.9784 T) ]} ,接尘工龄等三因素对尘肺发病影响的比数比分别为 :1.0 994 (ET)、1.0 0 2 4 (AEC)和 7.2 310 (T)。结论 :所建立尘肺发病预测与控制的回归模型与所研究人群的符合率较高 ,对今后预防尘肺发生的科学化管理与决策有较好的实用性和应用价值。