深圳市SO2污染来源及其特征分析

以珠江三角洲地区2004年SO₂源排放清单、国家级气象站及深圳市气象站气象资料和空气质量监测数据为基础, 采用基于扩散模式的污染源解析技术对深圳市SO₂污染来源进行研究. 利用非稳态气象和空气质量(CALPUFF)模拟系统,模拟外来污染源及深圳市局地污染源排放扩散行为,定量计算2类污染源对深圳市SO₂浓度的贡献率,并分析其时空变化特征. 结果表明:珠江三角洲地区2004年SO₂排放总量为72.9×104 t, 深圳市局地排放量约4.65×104 t;深圳市SO₂污染是由局地污染源和外来污染源排放共同作用的结果, 对SO₂的贡献率分别约为75%和25%, 表明局地污染源排放是深圳市SO₂污染的最主要来源.      

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

合肥城郊典型源头溪流不同渠道形态的氮磷滞留特征

为揭示源头溪流中深潭和曲折沟渠两种典型渠道形态的氮磷养分滞留特征,在合肥城郊二十埠河的某一级支流上,以NH4Cl和KH2PO4为添加营养盐,以NaCl为保守型示踪剂,开展现场示踪实验.在此基础上,利用OTIS模型软件、暂态存储参数和养分螺旋原理,解析深潭和曲折沟渠氮磷滞留特征.结果表明:1深潭的As值较曲折沟渠大,但其α值则较弯曲沟渠小1个数量级,而且As和α值随水文条件变化均不显著;2深潭中主渠道流动水体的NH+4-λ较其暂态存储区的NH+4-λs高2~3个数量级,曲折沟渠的NH+4-λ与NH+4-λs数值较为接近;3深潭中NH+4-Vf较SRP-Vf高1~2个数量级,而在曲折沟渠中,不仅NH+4-Vf与SRP-Vf数值较为相近,NH+4-Sw与SRP-Sw也基本相当;4深潭的NH+4-U较SRP-U高出2~3个数量级,曲折沟渠NH+4-U则较SRP-U高出1~2个数量级;5总的来说,在对NH+4和SRP滞留影响方面,深潭和曲折沟渠存在较大的差异性,且在深潭中NH+4的滞留效应显著超过SRP.     

突发公共事件应急交通研究综述

突发公共事件下的应急交通管理与控制问题是当前交通领域的一个研究热点。本文介绍了国内外有关应急交通领域的研究现状,对突发公共事件的概念进行了归纳总结,分析了突发公共事件下的应急交通行为;概述了数学分析方法和计算机仿真模拟应急交通疏散的研究成果,从逆向车道设计、交通分流、分阶段交通疏散、交通信号控制、平行应急管理与控制等方面对突发公共事件下的应急交通控制策略进行了分析;最后指出了有待进一步深入研究和探索的问题。     

基于CALPUFF模型的漳州市大气环境容量研究

研究表明：CALPUFF模式是运用于广域的大气扩散模型,在区域范围较大的复杂地形条件下的应用具有突出的优势.利用CALPUFF大气扩散模型模拟漳州市2009年气象场和污染物浓度场,采用监测值对模拟结果进行验证表明模型的适用性;基于现状污染源,建立大气污染物传递系数矩阵,结合线性优化法测算了不同环境空气质量标准下漳州市大气环境容量.     

处理低污染河水的湿地内氮迁移转化过程模拟

为了明确以低污染河水为原水的人工湿地中的主要脱氮机制以及氮素的归趋形式,以洱海流域邓北桥湿地工程为研究对象,根据湿地内发生的生物反应、物理吸附以及沉淀等过程,建立了生态动力学模型,模拟湿地中氮素的迁移转化. 结果显示,所建模型能较好地模拟出水中ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(ON)(ON为有机氮)的变化趋势,效率系数(R)分别为50.2%、67.6%、81.2%. 通过对湿地氮素迁移转化与去除量的模拟结果分析,确定了湿地除氮的主要机制为硝化、反硝化、植物吸收. 反硝化作用可以去除进水中50.0%的TN,植物吸收可以去除进水中11.0%的TN,底泥则可以吸附进水中3.5%的TN. 模拟得到硝化速率平均值、反硝化速率平均值、植物吸收氮速率平均值分别为0.234、0.438、0.050 g/(m3·d).      

我国城市生活垃圾填埋处理CH4排放关键因子

CH₄是大气中主要的温室气体之一,研究我国城市生活垃圾填埋处理CH₄排放关键因子对于准确估算CH₄排放量具有重要意义. 在综合分析我国城市生活垃圾填埋处理场在不同历史发展阶段的处理技术类型、管理方式、垃圾成分和理化特性的基础上,结合北京阿苏卫垃圾填埋场对不同深度(至填埋层下18 m)钻井提取的12组垃圾样品数据,借鉴《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》推荐的CH₄排放关键因子,确定了MCF(CH₄修正因子)、DOC(可降解有机碳质量分数,下同)、t_1/2(半衰期)和k(CH₄产生率). 结果表明:MCF在不同历史阶段表现出鲜明的时间特征,1978年前、1979—1990年、1991—2000年、2001—2005年和2006—2011年5个阶段的MCF分别为0.40、0.60、0.75、0.92和0.96;我国南、北方城市生活垃圾DOC随时间变化均呈增加趋势,1959—1990年、1991—2000年和2001—2011年3个阶段的DOC分别为9.34%、15.22%和15.05%;我国城市生活垃圾t_1/2为2.30 a,k为0.30 a-1.      

地下水中污染物的迁移传输及排泄通量研究

以辽宁某化工污染场地为研究对象,结合场地调查结果,应用地下水模型系统软件(GMS)中的MODFLOW和RT3D模型,建立了地下水中污染物的数值模型,探讨其迁移传输及排泄通量。根据模拟结果,地下水中苯、二氯苯和三氯苯的污染羽约在20年后达到动态平衡,污染羽不再随时间变化,污染物的自然衰减速率与污染源释放速率达到平衡。排泄通量估算表明:地下水向河流排泄的量在20年时达到稳定,地下水中苯、二氯苯和三氯苯向河流的排泄通量分别为每天180 g、6 100 g和5.5 g。由于污染物会导致污染生态环境和健康风险,建议从控制污染源、实施污染源区修复和切断迁移传输途径等多种措施控制风险。     

基于随机抽样推测法的LPG储槽2次爆炸事故的模型研究

在借鉴LPG储槽2次爆炸事故后果不确定分析成果的基础上,对事故过程中的不确定参数进行重新分析与选择,将孔洞上方液位高度h0,气云的TNT当量系数α,泄漏开始到点火源出现之前的持续时间t亦作为不确定分析的参数,并利用随机抽样推测的不确定分析方法,对VCE与BLEVE 2次事故后果进行重新分析,获得了与前人研究成果差异较大的结果,并由此分析这些参数对于事故后果影响的显著性。同时对2次爆炸事故的伤害距离进行了研究与分析,由于LPG的闪蒸以及参数α的影响,本案例中LPG泄漏量为总量的80%-90%以上时,2次事故的死亡半径相等且达到最小。