多溴联苯醚在典型电子垃圾污染区域水生食物链上的生物富集特征

为调查电子垃圾回收活动对当地水生生物造成的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)污染,测定了广东某电子垃圾回收地附近水库中水生生物样品(水蛇、鱼类、草虾和田螺)和对照区样品(鲮鱼)中18种PBDEs含量,通过对样品氮同位素的测定,探讨了PBDEs在该地淡水食物链上的生物富集特征.研究结果显示,∑PBDEs(总PBDEs含量)在水蛇、鱼类、草虾和田螺中分别为39.6～186、1.82～75.7、4.60～17.1和7.26～17.0μg·g-1(脂重),比华南地区鱼体中∑PBDEs的平均含量高3个数量级,表明电子垃圾回收活动已对当地水生生物造成了PBDEs的严重污染.除BDE66、BDE99、BDE153、BDE183和BDE209外,其他13种PBDE单体在食物链上均存在着生物放大效应,但生物放大能力(B值)与正辛醇-水分配系数logKOW相关性不明显,可能是由于某些PBDE单体在生物体内存在代谢作用.以上结果表明,由电子垃圾回收活动导致的PBDEs污染存在较大的生态风险,应该引起高度关注.     

龙口市海水入侵动态系统分析与防治对策

海水入侵已成为全球普遍关注的地下水环境问题,它不仅严重地威胁着人类淡水资源,而且破坏生态环境平衡,制约着社会经济可持续发展。以山东省龙口市为靶区,通过分析研究衡量海水入侵重要因子－氯离子浓度时空分布规律及其影响因素,探索海水入侵动态系统规律,提出防治海水入侵的措施和对策。     

电容去离子技术综述(三):影响因素

电容去离子(CDI)是最近十余年快速发展起来的一种用于脱盐的新型水处理技术。采用具有大比表面积及稳定的物理化学性质的多孔材料做电极,并外接直流电源,可使离子被吸附于电极上从而实现水的净化。简单介绍了电容去离子技术的优势所在,并详细分析阐述了包括电压高低、流速流量大小、极板间距对置的大小、温度浓度、离子种类、p H变化、加膜等对脱盐效果的影响。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

四环素类抗生素对淡水绿藻的毒性作用

四环素类抗生素是目前世界上应用最为广泛的抗生素之一,也是我国畜禽养殖业中使用量最大的兽药和饲料添加剂.由于该类物质不易被生物体吸收且当前的污水处理设施对抗生素不能彻底去除,故大量抗生素及其代谢产物最终进入地表水环境,其对水生态系统和人体健康的潜在威胁值得关注.本研究以水生态系统初级生产者淡水绿藻为受试生物,系统考察四环素、金霉素和强力霉素对蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻细胞膜通透性和生长抑制作用的影响.结果表明,抗生素暴露96 h后,强力霉素在整个作用浓度范围内使供试淡水绿藻细胞膜通透性降低;而金霉素和四环素低浓度暴露可以增大藻细胞膜通透性,此后随着作用浓度的增大转为降低.3种抗生素对淡水绿藻生长抑制率大致呈现强力霉素>四环素>金霉素的顺序趋势.斜生栅藻对四环素类抗生素的毒性响应较蛋白核小球藻更为敏感.     

淡水中叶绿素a测定方法的探讨

对分光光度法测定叶绿素a中样品研磨转移损失,离心后750nm处吸光值达不到0.005要求,加酸消除脱镁叶绿素,加酸量及加酸后测定时间等方面进行对比实验研究,提出了对分光光度法测定叶绿素a修改建议.     

城郊湖泊水污染渔业损失研究

建立了城郊淡水渔业水污染损失模型,表述养殖水质与污染损失之间的定量关系。以武汉市湖泊水体为例,模型计算结果与实体系统拟合良好。模型考虑到了多种污染物共存时的综合影响,并计入了污水的饵料价值,较客观地评估了城市污水对养鱼的经济效应,有助于制订环境管理决策。