生物多样性的研究及其保护

作为现代生态学三大研究热点之一,生物多样性的研究和保护已引起世界的广泛关注。本文对生物多样性的概念和研究作了简要综述,着重探讨了生物多样性分布和形成的机制及有关理论,同时指出研究生物多样性的最终目的在于生物多样性的保护及持续利用。     

青南高原“黑土滩”草地群落特征的研究

对高寒草甸及其退化产物—“黑土滩”草地按退化特征划分了6个等级,分别研究了各级草地的群落特征和物种多样性。结果表明:随草地退化程度的加大,群落产量在各级草地内变化不明显,但毒杂草比例有着明显增加的趋势(P<0.01);原生植被嵩草属植物优势度和草地活根量(30cm)趋于明显减少(P<0.01);中度退化的“黑土滩”草地物种多样性指数较大,为3.234。     

环境教育：我国珍稀物种普氏原羚濒临灭绝

普氏原羚，因俄罗斯博物学家普热瓦尔斯基最早在中国内蒙古草原上发现而得名，一九九六年、一九九八年先后被IUCN（国际自然保护联盟）红皮书列为极危极（CR）动物，一九九九年中国的濒危兽类红皮书中将其列为极危级动物。普氏原羚是目前世界上最濒危的有蹄类动物。     

物种灭绝:地球成了动植物"集中营"?

一株植物枯萎,一只动物死亡,有时并不仅仅意味着单个生命有机体的消失,也许凑巧是整个此类物种的灭绝。世界物种保护联盟公布的“2000年濒临灭绝物种红色名单”称:地球上大约有11046种动植物面临永久性从地球上消失的危险,包括1/4的哺乳类、1/8的鸟类、1/4的爬行类、1/5的两栖类和近1/3的     

罗布泊野骆驼自然保护区的建设及生物多样性保护

新疆罗布泊野骆驼自然保护区位于我国西部极旱荒漠带 ,以保护世界濒危物种———野双峰驼为主要对象 ,同时也保护当地特有的地貌、盐泉、丝绸之路遗迹及其他珍稀动植物物种 ,面积 7 8× 10 4km2 。该保护区在世界生物多样性保护中有重大作用。由于周边地区经济的发展 ,对该保护区的影响逐渐扩大 ,威胁到野生动植物的生存安全 ,急需加强宣传、建卡、检查、巡护等保护管理措施 ,同时需要提高周边贫困社区人民生活水平 ,强化管制非法采矿业     

巴德兰兹大角羊

二十世纪以来,数以百计的动物从地球上永远地消失了!它们曾经无忧无虑地生活在这孕育出无数生命的星球上,维系着自然界生与死的平衡。有一天,它们中自命为智慧的一族制造出了武器,杀戮开始了,灭绝开始了……今天的捕杀已不再是为了生存,更不知何时能够停止,直到地球上只剩下他们自己的时候,不知他们的枪口还能对准谁?……自然界的惩罚,人类可以抵御吗?!     

三江源区生态系统状况变化及其成因

三江源区是黄河、长江和澜沧江的发源地.为研究三江源区生态系统状况变化及其可能成因,利用InVEST（Integrate Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs）、CASA（Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach）、RUSLE（Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation）和RWSQ（Revised Wind Erosion Equation）模型模拟,结合实地观测数据,系统全面地评估2000年以来三江源区生态系统构成、质量和服务功能变化,并揭示其成因.结果表明:① 2000—2010年三江源区生态系统结构基本稳定.草地退化状况轻微好转,产草量和生产力微弱增加.植被生长季水热条件的改善是促使产草量增加和草地退化态势趋缓的重要原因,同时生态工程的实施也发挥了积极作用.② 2005—2010年局部重点生态工程区的水土流失状况轻微好转,但区域整体好转趋势不明显.土壤中w（有机质）明显增加,但对于土壤保持功能起到关键作用的植被根系层的恢复却比较缓慢,降雨侵蚀力的增强加速了土壤侵蚀过程,生态系统的土壤保持功能基本上没有提高.③ 2000—2013年地表水、地下水资源量和土壤湿度均呈明显增加趋势,水质稳定在GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》划定的Ⅰ~Ⅱ类.降水量和冰川/积雪融水量增加导致径流量增大,气候变暖引起的冻土退化导致地下水库枯水季径流调节作用增强.④ 生态工程实施后,生物栖息地的生境退化状况轻微改善,野生动物的分布范围和种群数量都有了较为明显的增加.      

濒临消失的物种:中华田园犬

它们是狼的后代,有着悠久的历史,它们曾经是人类的亲密伴侣,但现在却面临消亡的命运。     

Effects of Cu（Ⅱ） and humic acid on atrazine photodegradation

This work was designed to explore the characteristics of photodegradation of herbicides in the copper-polluted water body. The results showed that Cu(II) alone could induce a photo Fenton-like reaction to enhance the degradation of atrazine, in which hydroxyl radical ( OH) was a main active species. Humic acids restrained atrazine degradation, nevertheless, when introducing Cu(II), the photodegradation was accelerated, in which singlet oxygen (1O2) replaced OH acting as the prevailing species. A feasible mechanism for the photochemical process was also proposed, which is helpful for better understanding the environmental photochemistry of atrazine in the copper-polluted water.     

Nitrogen cycle of a typical Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary

The nitrogen (N) biological cycle of the Suaeda salsa marsh ecosystem in the Yellow River estuary was studied during 2008 to 2009. Results showed that soil N had significant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution. The N/P ratio (15.73±1.77) of S. salsa was less than 16, indicating that plant growth was limited by both N and P. The N absorption coefficient of S. salsa was very low (0.007), while the N utilization and cycle coefficients were high (0.824 and 0.331, respectively). The N turnover among compartments of S. salsa marsh showed that N uptake from aboveground parts and roots were 2.539 and 0.622 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground parts to roots and from roots to soil were 2.042 and 0.076 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation from aboveground living bodies to litter was 0.497 g/m2, the annual N return from litter to soil was far less than 0.368 g/m2, and the net N mineralization in topsoil during the growing season was 0.033 g/m2. N was an important limiting factor in S. salsa marsh, and the ecosystem was classified as unstable and vulnerable. S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the nutrient enrichment due to N import from the Yellow River estuary would be a potential threat to the S. salsa marsh. Excessive nutrient loading might favor invasive species and induce severe long-term degradation of the ecosystem if human intervention measures were not taken. The N quantitative relationships determined in our study might provide a scientific basis for the establishment of effective measures.