《环境科学与技术》总目次

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有关斜管沉淀池的上升流速讨论

文章从理论上了分析斜管沉淀池上升流速对沉淀池处理效果的影响,及原水特性与斜管沉淀池上升流速取值的关系。讨论分析斜管沉淀池设计时,应根据原水特性不同选择不同的斜管沉淀池上升流速。     

杉木木屑对废水中Hg2+的静态吸附研究

研究了未改性、HNO3改性和NaOH改性杉木木屑对水中Hg2+的吸附特性,并探讨Hg2+初始浓度、pH值、吸附时间和木屑用量对吸附率的影响.结果表明,杉木木屑对水中Hg2+具有较好的吸附效果,吸附率可达90%以上.杉木木屑对Hg2+的吸附动力学可用拟二级动力学方程描述.研究表明,利用酸碱改性杉木木屑制备废水中Hf2+吸附材料具有广阔的应用前景.     

基于快速聚类方法分析常州市区PM2.5的统计特性

运用统计方法研究常州市区2013~2014年6个国控点六项基本污染物(SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))月平均浓度变化,结果表明,除O_3外,其它五项污染物月平均浓度夏季较低冬季较高.颗粒物与风速之间的关系为PM_(2.5)浓度随风速的升高一直降低,PM_(10)随风速的升高浓度先降低后升高.采用快速聚类分析(k-means)并运用SWV和DIV指数对六项基本污染物进行分类,得到4个样本分类.与依据颗粒物化学成分或粒径谱对PM进行源解析方法不同,本研究更多是从PM_(2.5)与其它污染物相关关系以及污染程度等角度按照欧式距离进行分类.不同类中PM_(2.5)来源明显不同,类1中PM_(2.5)与化石燃料燃烧排放密切相关,类2与O_3密切相关,类3与城市不完全燃烧排放、区域灰霾污染密切相关,类4可以归类于城市"背景"类.快速聚类分析结果也表明常州市区PM_(2.5)有着复杂的来源.     

市政污泥深度脱水滤液水质特性研究

以武汉市五座污水处理厂剩余污泥经Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三种污泥调理方法调理及脱水的污泥深度脱水滤液为研究对象,分析测定了水样的常规水质指标。结果表明,配方Ⅰ所得脱水滤液pH为12.8左右,呈强碱性,配方Ⅱ、Ⅲ所得脱水滤液pH=3.0~6.2,呈酸性。污泥深度脱水滤液的水质随脱水污泥的来源、污泥调理方法不同而异,稳定、氧化程度高的污泥其深度脱水滤液水质较好。经调理后的深度脱水滤液ρ(COD)为180~1200 mg/L,为中低浓度有机废水;BOD5/COD=0.49~0.66,可生化性良好;氨氮浓度为20~200 mg/L,差异较大,但普遍较高,C/N在2.2~13.4,属低C/N比废水;TP在0.4~5.5 mg/L,C∶N∶P对微生物生长来说并不协调。污泥调理剂中的破胞试剂对污泥脱水滤液水质影响较大,配方Ⅱ、Ⅲ调理剂中含破胞试剂,调理后的污泥深度脱水滤液COD和氨氮值较大。最后,建议对氨氮负荷过高而不适合回流的深度脱水滤液采用高效的生物脱氮工艺进行处理。     

盘管式冰蓄冷器释冷过程实验研究

提出一种应用于相变蓄冷冷却系统的盘管式蓄冰装置,实验研究了不同翅密度的蓄器在不同制冷剂温度下的释冷特性。结果表明:蓄冷器在释冷过程中,蓄冷盘管轴向温差大,且换热量随时间有明显的初始阶段和稳定阶段。对于固定翅密度的蓄冷器,制冷剂入口温度对换热影响较大,入口温度越高,初始阶段和稳定阶段的换热量均较高。对于固定的制冷剂入口温度,蓄冷器的释冷特性受翅密度影响较小。     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

Antimony smelting process generating solid wastes and dust：Characterization and leaching behaviors

A large amount of solid waste has been produced by the antimony smelting process in the＂World Capital of Antimony＂, Xikuangshan area in China. This study comprehensively investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of the various solid wastes, as well as the leaching behavior of the solid wastes, which included water-quenched slag,arsenic-alkali residue, desulfurized slag and blast furnace dust. These four types of waste were enriched in a variety of heavy metals and metalloids and more specifically with As and Sb levels up to 8.6 × 104 and 3.16 × 105mg/kg, respectively, in arsenic-alkali residue. For desulfurized slag and water-quenched slag, the leaching concentration of Sb significantly exceeded the acceptable limits during the leaching tests using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure. In addition, As leaching in arsenic-alkali residue was extraordinarily hazardous, being three orders of magnitude higher than the regulatory level of As. According to the results of the extraction tests, all the tested wastes were classified as hazardous waste.     

Origin of major ions in monthly rainfall events at the Bamenda Highlands, North West Cameroon

Rainwater characteristics can reveal emissions from various anthropogenic and natural sources into the atmosphere. The physico-chemical characteristics of 44 monthly rainfall events （collected between January and December 2012） from 4 weather stations （Bamenda, Ndop plain, Ndawara and Kumbo） in the Bamenda Highlands （BH） were investigated. The purpose was to determine the sources of chemical species, their seasonal inputs and suitability of the rainwater for drinking. The mean pH of 5 indicated the slightly acidic nature of the rainwater. Average total dissolved solids （TDS） were low （6.7 mg/L）, characteristic of unpolluted atmospheric moisture/air. Major ion concentrations （mg/L） were low and in the order K＋ 〉 Ca2＋ 〉 Mg2~ 〉 Na＋ for cations and NO3 〉〉 HCO3 〉 SO] 〉 CI- 〉 PO3- 〉 F- for anions. The average rainwater in the area was mixed Ca-Mg-SO4-CI water type. The CI-/Na＋ ratio （1.04） was comparable to that of seawater （1.16）, an indication that N a＋ and CI originated mainly from marine （Atlantic Ocean） aerosols. High enrichments of Ca2＋, Mg2＋ and SO2- to Na＋ ratios relative to seawater ratios （constituting 44% of the total ions） demonstrated their terrigenous origin, mainly from Saharan and Sahelian arid dusts. The K＋/Na＋ ratio （2.24）, which was similar to tropical vegetation ash （2.38）, and NO3 was essentially from biomass burning. Light （〈 100 mm） pre-monsoon and post-monsoon convective rains were enriched in major ions than the heavy （〉 100 mm） monsoon rains, indicating a high contribution of major ions during the low convective showers. Despite the acidic nature, the TDS and major ion concentrations classified the rainwater as potable based on the WHO guidelines.     

凹凸棒石纤维复合气凝胶吸附水体中TPH吸附特性

以水体中总石油烃(total petroleum hydrocarbons,TPH)为目标污染物,采用凹凸棒石复合二氧化硅气凝胶进行净化石油类污染水体研究,主要考察复合气凝胶使用量及环境要素对去除水体中TPH的影响。研究结果表明:凹凸棒石纤维复合气凝胶与污染水体的质量比为1:60,对TPH的去除率随温度的升高而降低,受pH变化影响较小;当NaCl浓度在0~100 g/L,MgCl2浓度在0~2.5 g/L时,复合气凝胶对水体中TPH的去除率几乎不受盐度的影响;Fe3+、Mn2+、NH4+、NO3-均能促进复合气凝胶对TPH的去除,但受其浓度变化影响较小,同时,凹凸棒石纤维复合气凝胶对上述离子也有微弱的去除作用。研究成果为凹凸棒石复合气凝胶在实际石油类污染水体中的应用提供了科学可靠的数据支撑。