流域污染负荷解析与环境容量研究——以安徽太平湖流域为例

以安徽省太平湖流域为例,运用监测、统计数据以及排污系数法对流域内8种污染源的污染排放情况进行全面解析,结合一维水质模型、沃伦威得尔模型以及狄龙模型等水质模型的应用,在流域水质监测的基础上核算了太平湖及主要入湖河流的水环境容量.结果表明,2011年,太平湖流域污染物入湖量为:COD 3863.75t/a,NH3-N 410.24t/a,TP 51.63t/a;城镇和农村生活污染为太平湖流域的主要污染源,约占流域入湖污染物总量的60%;麻川河和浦溪河流域的污染最严重;流域污染物的排放在空间上呈现较为明显的区域分布,经济发达区域污染相对较严重.在当前水质目标下,太平湖仍有相当大的可用容量;浦溪河、秧溪河和舒溪河流域的氨氮和总磷排放量接近环境容量,需进行总量控制及削减.     

上海市郊区河道底泥重金属污染状况评价

河道底泥重金属污染日益受到重视。对上海市郊区河道毛家塘底泥进行监测,分析了13种重金属元素(As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,Hg,Be,Ag,Sb,Se,Ti)的含量特征,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法、污染负荷指数法对重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:河道底泥13种重金属中,Ag,Sb,Se,Ti 4种低于检测限,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,Hg,Be含量均超过了上海市土壤背景值;底泥重金属为中污染,As,Cd,Cu,Zn污染影响较大。除As以外,其余重金属含量均满足我国现行标准或指标要求,建议底泥后续处理利用参考达标标准的相应要求进行。     

Review on water leakage control in distribution networks and the associated environmental benefits

Water supply is the primary element of an urban system. Due to rapid urbanization and water scarcity, maintaining a stable and safe water supply has become a challenge to many cities, whereas a large amount of water is lost from the pipes of distribution systems. Water leakage is not only a waste of water resources, but also incurs great socio-economic costs. This article presents a comprehensive review on the potential water leakage control approaches and specifically discusses the benefits of each to environmental conservation. It is concluded that water leakage could be further reduced by improving leakage detection capability through a combination of predictive modeling and monitoring instruments, optimizing pipe maintenance strategy, and developing an instant pressure regulation system. The environment could benefit from these actions because of water savings and the reduction of energy consumption as well as greenhouse gas emissions.     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

UASB处理酒精废水耐冲击特性与颗粒污泥分析

针对UASB耐冲击能力低的问题,采用短暂冲击负荷的方法进行52 d中试研究,并考察接种絮状污泥的UASB对以污冷凝水为主要成分的酒精废水的处理效果,结果表明,UASB呈现较强耐冲击负荷能力;第49天产气速率最高,可达3.03 L/(L·d),反应器内形成了粒径0.5~1.5 mm的颗粒,电镜扫描的颗粒污泥结构致密,由多个杆状细菌形成网状结构。在夏季无保温措施、负荷冲击条件下培养颗粒污泥是可行的。     

A/O-MBR系统运行测试及相关动力学分析

以生活污水为处理对象,考察A/O-MBR系统稳态运行状况及抗冲击负荷能力,探讨系统运行过程中基质降解动力学方程。研究结果表明,系统对实际生活污水波动(COD:70~200 mg/L;NH4+-N:18~45 mg/L)的适应性较强,能抗击1.53 kgCOD/(m3·d)的容积负荷,连续运行出水的COD均在40 mg/L以下,NH4+-N均在1.5 mg/L以下,达到GB8978-1996的一级A标;采用Mond模型对COD降解动力学过程进行解析,获得动力学参数Vmax=0.38 d-1及KS=100.98;实验验证该动力学方程能较好地预测A/O-MBR出水水质,可以为A/O-MBR系统处理生活污水工艺设计提供参考。     

复合燃料温室气体排放量计算方法探讨

当前复合燃料温室气体(GHG)排放量的计算普遍采用IPCC排放因子法,此法的运用需要依赖准确的燃料消耗计量、燃料氧化率和燃料低位热值等数据,其缺省因子是否适合有待商榷。本文通过采用实地监测手段,在获得了企业固定排放源设备的相关参数后,采用IPCC排放因子法、质量平衡法、时间比法、负荷法和热值分配法等几种方法对企业GHG排放量进行了计算。结果显示:IPCC排放因子法的计算结果并不能准确地反映企业温室气体的排放情况,而热值分配法可以较好地对燃烧复合燃料的固定燃烧源GHG排放量进行计算。建议有条件的地区采用监测法对固定燃烧源GHG排放量进行计算,而采用热值分配法对燃烧复合燃料的固定燃烧源拓展时间段的GHG排放量进行计算。     

UASB-SBR处理生物柴油制环氧脂肪酸甲酯废水

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)-序批式活性污泥法反应器(SBR)组合工艺处理生物柴油制环氧脂肪酸甲酯废水,考察了反应器各个阶段废水的处理效果。试验结果表明:当调整废水的氧化还原电位(ORP)降至-50~+50mV,UASB稳定运行阶段进水COD约为6 000mg/L时,出水COD在1 300mg/L以下,COD去除率约为80%,VFA浓度为180mg/L(以乙酸计)左右,最佳容积负荷为6.0kg/(m3·d);采用SBR处理UASB出水,当容积负荷为1.27kg/(m3·d)时,出水COD在250mg/L以下,COD去除率在80%以上,氨氮浓度在25mg/L以下,TP浓度在4mg/L以下,且处理后废水的COD、氨氮浓度、TP浓度均达到《污水排入城市下水道水质标准》(CJ343—2010)的A级要求。     

汉江上游金水河流域氮湿沉降

汉江上游金水河流域是南水北调工程的重要水源涵养区,但是氮污染已成为该流域水质的主要威胁因素.该研究对汉江的金水河流域开展了为期1 a(2012-02~2013-02)的氮湿沉降观测,并利用氮输出模型估算了氮湿沉降对河流氮负荷的贡献量.结果表明雨水中总氮(DTN)的浓度在0.24~2.89 mg·L-1之间,铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3N)及有机氮(DON)分别占42.8%、13.3%和43.9%;雨水氮浓度随降雨量增大而变小,明显受到降雨的稀释作用.流域内氮湿沉降主要来自人类活动,沉降负荷在4.97~7.00 kg·(hm2·a)-1之间,受降雨量的主要影响,上游地区的氮湿沉降负荷>下游地区>中游地区,春夏两季约占全年氮湿沉降的81%.流域氮湿沉降对河流氮负荷贡献量约为34 000~46 000 kg,只占流域氮肥贡献量的5.05%~6.78%,远小于流域内农业活动化肥氮的贡献量,不是河流氮的主要来源.     

基于非点源溶解态氮负荷估算的率水流域土地利用结构优化研究

利用区域营养盐管理模型(ReNuMa)对率水流域2000~2010年的溶解态氮(DN)负荷进行了定量估算和来源解析.在率定期和验证期,径流和DN负荷模拟的Ens和R2都大于0.9,模型具备可靠的模拟能力.结果表明,率水流域的年均非点源DN负荷为1.11×103t·a-1,负荷强度为(0.75±0.22)t·km-2.在所有土地利用类型中,水田的DN负荷强度最大[28.60kg·(hm2·a)-1],林地的DN负荷强度最小[2.71 kg·(hm2·a)-1].农业生产用地(水田、谷物、经济作物、果园和茶园)对DN负荷的贡献最大,表明人类影响下的农业生产活动是流域非点源污染的最主要来源.基于污染负荷适量削减和农业经济产值最大化原则,开展了流域2015年土地利用结构优化分析,规划结果表明在土地利用结构最优情况下,经济收益的增长依然伴随着负荷的增加,但经济产值的增幅大于DN负荷的增幅.