磷基材料对铅酸蓄电池污染场地土壤铅的稳定化研究

运用不同磷基材料对铅酸蓄电池污染场地土壤进行稳定化修复,通过毒性特征浸出测试、简单生物提取测试和效果—成本分析确定适用于铅酸蓄电池污染场地的磷基材料,并采用MINTEQ化学平衡模型模拟磷基材料添加后土壤中铅赋存状态的改变、识别土壤中铅的迁移受控相。结果表明:(1)优选的3种磷基材料(磷酸二氢钾(KP)、磷酸二氢钾+轻烧氧化镁(KPM)和磷酸二氢钾+贝壳粉(SKP))对铅的稳定率高于92%,可使铅的生物可给度降低幅度达到12百分点以上,修复成本为65～180元/t。(2)3种磷基材料可明显降低土壤中Pb~(2+)活度。KP和SKP添加后土壤中铅的迁移性主要受Pb_5(PO_4)_3Cl控制;KPM添加后土壤中铅的迁移性主要受Pb_5(PO_4)_3OH和Pb_5(PO_4)_3Cl控制。     

基于我国西南地区儿童行为模式的IEUBK模型本地化研究

IEUBK(Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children)模型是美国环保署开发并推荐使用的儿童铅暴露风险评价模型,该模型的本地化是将其应用到我国的基础.本研究通过对儿童行为模式参数的敏感性分析,确定了儿童血铅含量对以手口接触为主要方式的土壤/灰尘暴露途径最为敏感.以我国西南Y省某污染区域为试点地区,采用问卷调查和环境介质分析等方法,对IEUBK模型中的儿童行为模式参数、环境介质铅浓度参数、土壤和灰尘摄入量参数进行了本地化.采用本地化后的模型预测了相邻的G省某重金属冶炼项目投产前及投产后5、10和20 a的儿童血铅含量,其几何平均值分别为5.28、5.77、6.03和6.32μg·dL-1;如果直接引用基于美国的模型默认参数,预测出的20 a后儿童血铅含量偏低61.39%.     

某冶炼厂铅污染与健康的关系

本文通过对铅冶炼厂，包括选矿，烧结，熔炼等各工艺过程的劳动卫生学调查，以空气铅浓度的梯度分类，对相应的生产环境中作用人员进行了与铅中毒效应有关的体格检查，对职业性铅接触者进行体查和动态观察。     

我国工业铅污染控制对策的进展

铅是损害人体健康的微量元素中存在最广,数量最多,危害最大的典型的有害元素,对铅污染控制对策的研究,作为微量元素研究的一个重要分支,早已成为劳动保护,环境科学,卫生学,营养学,生命科学等众多学科关注的焦点,本文结合作者多年来的工作实践,扼要介绍了近２０年来,我国卫生,环保,劳保部门为控制铅污染,减轻其危害所采取的管理对策,技术法规等。     

再生铅冶炼对土壤环境影响及其评价和环境管理

再生铅冶炼是对废弃物的循环利用,防治铅污染的重要手段,但冶炼中处置不当,会引起土壤污染,再生铅冶炼对土壤环境的影响,首先进行环境影响识别,并根据冶炼中铅的排放强度和铅的生物地球化学循环规律来阐明其排放特点和进入土壤的途径,通过再生铅冶炼项目环境影响评价的实例,探讨了土壤环境质量的现状分析、评价和预测等研究方法,并提出严格执行环境影响评价制度和“三同时”制度,强化建设项目本身的环境管理和完善土壤环境质量标准等土壤环境管理措施。     

Atmospheric lead pollution in fine particulate matter in Shanghai, China

The Pb-monitoring program was extended for 6 years from 2002 to 2007 at 17 representative urban sites (6 traffic, 5 industrial, and 6 residential sites), and 3 suburban sites to assess the lead pollution in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) after phasing out leaded gasoline in Shanghai. Compared with Pb levels reported in other places, the Pb pollution in Shanghai is still serious after phasing out leaded gasoline, which remains at high concentration range (213–176 ng/m3) in PM2.5 in winter. Significant spati...     

Can phosphate compounds be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in Pb-contaminated soils？

The effects of di erent phosphate-amendments on lead (Pb) uptake, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in contaminated soils with 2500, or 5000 mg P2O5/kg soil of hydroxyapatite (HA), phosphate rock (PR), single-superphosphate (SSP) and the mix of HA/SSP (HASSP) were evaluated in pot experiments. Results showed that the Pb concentrations in shoots and roots decreased by 18.3%–51.6% and 16.8%–57.3% among the treatments respectively compared to the control samples. The e ciency order of these phosphate-amendments in reducing Pb uptake was as follows: HASSPt HA > SSP t PR.With the addition of SSP, HA and the mix of HA/SSP, the SOD activity in shoot was reduced markedly (P < 0.05) compared with that in the control group. For example, the SOD activities in shoot by the treatments of HASSP, SSP, and HA in 5000 mg P2O5/kg were found to be only 51.3%, 56.2%, and 56.7%, respectively. Similar e ects were also observed on the level of MDA in the shoots with a decrease in 24.5%–56.3%. The results verified the inference that phosphate compounds could be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in the plant vegetated in Pb-contaminated soils.