高锰酸钾强化PAC混凝处理温瑞塘河黑臭水体试验研究

以浙江省温州市温瑞塘河某河段黑臭地表水为研究对象,考察高锰酸钾强化PAC混凝工艺的除污效能,获得处理温瑞塘河黑臭水体的最佳工艺条件,为恢复河流水体生态自净功能提供基础。试验结果表明,高锰酸钾的最优投加方式为在混凝剂PAC前投加,最佳预氧化时间5 min,最佳投加量1.5 mg/L。将本实验得出的最优混凝处理条件应用于温瑞塘河实际黑臭水体的处理时发现,处理后水质明显改善,此表明高锰酸钾强化混凝应急处理温瑞塘河黑臭水体是切实可行的,可为实际的应急处理工艺提供了理论依据和技术指导。     

应用δ~(13)C值探讨土壤中有机碳的迁移规律

C3 植物与C4 植物具明显的δ13C值差异 ,利用这种特性 ,选取荔波茂兰喀斯特森林边缘处这个C3植物—C4 植物转换生长的地点 ,分别采集森林与农田各三个剖面的土壤样品 ,根据测定其土壤总有机碳、不同粒径及不同比重组分的δ13C值间的相互关系来推导土壤有机碳的若干迁移规律     

冻融作用对酸化土壤中NH_4~+吸附特性的影响研究

以吉林农业大学长期定位试验田土壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟冻融环境和振荡平衡的方法,探讨冻融作用对NH+4在酸化土壤中吸附特性的影响。结果表明,随着冻融周期的增加,酸化土壤对NH+4的吸附量逐渐减小;冻结时间对酸化土壤吸附NH+4的影响不明显;随着冻前含水量的增加,酸化土壤对NH+4的吸附量逐渐减小,对NH+4的吸附量由大到小排列为:15%25%35%。酸化土壤对NH+4的吸附过程能很好地利用Langmuir方程拟合,冻融作用促进酸化土壤中NH+4的释放,增加了NH+4流失风险。     

纳米材料的表面修饰和表征技术

介绍了纳米粒子的表面改性及表面修饰的目的和方法,并对纳米微粒表面改性的各种方法原理及其特点进行了归纳;对纳米材料的常用分析和表征技术做了概括,主要从纳米颗粒的粒度测量、纳米微粒的表面分析、成分分析等方面进行了简要阐述;对纳米材料的表面修饰和表征技术的发展进行了展望。     

生命周期评价在水泥企业清洁生产审核中的应用

利用生命周期评价工具对企业的生产过程进行全面分析与评价，做好企业清洁生产的审核工作具有重要理论研究价值和现实应用意义。运用生命周期评价方法对重庆小南海水泥厂普通硅酸盐水泥生产过程进行了初步评价，认识了普通硅酸盐水泥生产过程的环境协调性，为普通硅酸盐水泥进一步提高环境性能提供了理论依据。     

固相萃取-GC/MS法测定水中有机氯农药

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱／质谱联用测定水中痕量六六六、滴滴涕和环氧七氯的方法。采用C18固相萃取柱富集水样,二氯甲烷／丙酮混合溶剂洗脱,加入菲-d10作为内标,利用气相色谱／质谱联用仪选择离子监测模式检测,内标法定量,定性、定量准确,线性响应良好,干扰小,按采样1 L计算,方法检出限为4．26ng／L～19、2ng／L,RSD在0、4％-6、3％之间,平均加标回收率在77．7％～118％之间,实际样品测定结果表明方法能满足环境水体中痕量有机氯农药的监测要求。     

Integrating intraseasonal grassland dynamics in cross-scale distribution modeling to support waterbird recovery plans

Despite much discussion about the utility of remote sensing for effective conservation, the inclusion of these technologies in species recovery plans remains largely anecdotal. We developed a modeling approach for the integration of local, spatially measured ecosystem functional dynamics into a species distribution modeling (SDM) framework in which other ecologically relevant factors are modeled separately at broad scales. To illustrate the approach, we incorporated intraseasonal water-vegetation dynamics into a cross-scale SDM for the Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago), which is highly dependent on water and vegetation dynamics. The Common Snipe is an Iberian grassland waterbird characteristic of European agricultural meadows and a member of one of the most threatened bird guilds. The intraseasonal dynamics of water content of vegetation were measured using the standard deviation of the normalized difference water index time series computed from bimonthly images of the Sentinel-2 satellite. The recovery plan for the Common Snipe in Galicia (northwestern Iberian Peninsula) provided an opportunity to apply our modeling framework. Model accuracy in predicting the species’ distribution at a regional scale (resulting from integration of downscaled climate projections with regional habitat–topographic suitability models) was very high (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.981 and Boyce's index of 0.971). Local water-vegetation dynamic models, based exclusively on Sentinel-2 imagery, were good predictors (AUC of 0.849 and Boyce's index of 0.976). The predictive power improved (AUC of 0.92 and Boyce's index of 0.98) when local model predictions were restricted to areas identified by the continental and regional models as priorities for conservation. Our models also performed well (AUC of 0.90 and Boyce's index of 0.93) when projected to updated water-vegetation conditions. Our modeling framework enabled incorporation of key ecosystem processes closely related to water and carbon cycles while accounting for other factors ecologically relevant to endangered grassland waterbirds across different scales, allowed identification of priority areas for conservation, and provided an opportunity for cost-effective recovery planning by monitoring management effectiveness from space.     

Extinction rate of discovered and undiscovered plants in Singapore

Extinction is a key issue in the assessment of global biodiversity. However, many extinction rate measures do not account for species that went extinct before they could be discovered. The highly developed island city–state of Singapore has one of the best-documented tropical floras in the world. This allowed us to estimate the total rate of floristic extinctions in Singapore since 1822 after accounting for sampling effort and crypto extinctions by collating herbaria records. Our database comprised 34,224 specimens from 2076 native species, of which 464 species (22%) were considered nationally extinct. We assumed that undiscovered species had the same annual per-species extinction rates as discovered species and that no undiscovered species remained extant. With classical and Bayesian algorithms, we estimated that 304 (95% confidence interval, 213–414) and 412 (95% credible interval, 313–534) additional species went extinct before they could be discovered, respectively; corresponding total extinction rate estimates were 32% and 35% (range 30–38%). We detected violations of our 2 assumptions that could cause our extinction estimates, particularly the absolute numbers, to be biased downward. Thus, our estimates should be treated as lower bounds. Our results illustrate the possible magnitudes of plant extirpations that can be expected in the tropics as development continues.     

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) micropollutant herbicide removing from water using granular and powdered activated carbons: a comparison applied for water treatment and health safety

Abstract

Activated carbons are well-known porous materials as an effective adsorbent used for the removal of emerging contaminants, such as herbicides, which are increasingly present in water bodies. Most water treatment plants, specially in Brazil, are unable to completely remove such contaminants by the conventional process and advanced treatment using activated carbons is required. The aim of this paper was to verify the influence of the activated carbons granulometry and specific surface area on the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide removal efficiency using distilled-deionized water and filtered water collected from a conventional Water Treatment Plant. Commercial activated carbons samples used in this work were obtained from two different manufacturers. Activated carbons were analyzed by the specific surface area, pore size and volume distribution, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and x-ray spectroscopy, moisture, volatile matter and ash contents. Batch adsorption isotherms experiments were used and performed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. Granular and powdered activated carbons removed over 99% of 2,4-D in distilled water and near to 99% using filtered water. The activated carbons evaluated in this work presented high performance and played a key role in water treatment by removing 2,4-D herbicide, ensuring the protection of human health and the ecosystem.     

天然水中痕量磷酸根、亚砷酸根和砷酸根的浮膜分光光度法测定

本文研究了孔雀绿与磷（砷）酸钼的离子对膜的形成条件。并依此与共存元素分离，进行痕量磷酸根、亚砷酸根和砷酸根的浮膜分光光度法测定。选用硫酸为介质，考察了25种共存离子对测定的影响。拟定了天然水中痕量磷酸根、亚砷酸根和砷酸根的分析方法．操作简便，结果令人满意。