基于县域的陕西省产业结构演变城市化响应的时空差异分析

以陕西省县域单元为研究对象,对2003-2012年陕西省各县产业结构演变城市化响应的时空差异进行分析.在时间上采用极差、标准差和变异系数分析了各县城市化响应强度的绝对和相对差异;在空间上,除了分析R变化外,从R（2）和R（3）方面揭示不同产业与城市化过程的关联反映;按照第二、三产业响应强度的组合方式,将陕西省83个县划分为一致响应型、偏响应型R（2）、响应型偏R（3）三类.     

FeS-Fe0纳米复合材料活化过硫酸盐降解双酚S的研究

双酚S(BPS)是一种新兴的内分泌干扰物,在环境中广泛存在,并对自然环境和人体健康有严重危害。制备了FeS-Fe⁰纳米复合材料作为催化剂,明确了FeS-Fe⁰纳米复合材料活化PS体系(FeS-Fe⁰/PS体系)的反应条件对去除BPS的影响,包括材料中FeS与Fe⁰摩尔比、材料投加量、PS浓度、溶液初始pH值等,并应用X射线衍射分析、X射线光电子能谱分析等技术表征该复合材料,通过反应体系对比实验、Fe离子溶出实验、PS的消耗实验、猝灭实验、电子顺磁共振波谱检测,探究了FeS-Fe⁰纳米复合材料的活化机理。实验结果表明:FeS-Fe⁰/PS体系降解BPS的最优条件为溶液初始pH=3、FeS与Fe⁰摩尔比1∶25、材料投加量0.10 g/L、PS浓度1.0 mM;FeS-Fe⁰/PS体系中产生的硫酸根自由基(SO₄^·-)和羟基自由基(HO·)可降解BPS,且HO·占主导作用;FeS-Fe⁰纳米复合材料表面的FeS促进了铁离子的溶出和循环,因此其活化能力优于纳米零价铁。     

Governing trade-offs in ecosystem services and disservices to achieve human–wildlife coexistence

Sustaining wildlife populations, which provide both ecosystem services and disservices, represents a worldwide conservation challenge. The ecosystem services and Ostrom's social–ecological systems frameworks have been adopted across natural and social sciences to characterize benefits from nature. Despite their generalizability, individually they do not include explicit tools for addressing the sustainable management of many wildlife populations. For instance, Ostrom's framework does not specifically address competing perspectives on wildlife, whereas the ecosystem services framework provides a limited representation of the social and governance context wherein such competing perspectives are embedded. We developed a unified social–ecological framework of ecosystem disservices and services (SEEDS) that advances both frameworks by explicitly acknowledging the importance of competing wildlife perspectives embedded in the social and governance contexts. The SEEDS framework emulates the hierarchical structure of Ostrom's social–ecological systems, but adds subsystems reflecting heterogeneous stakeholder views and experiences of wildlife-based services and disservices. To facilitate operationalizing SEEDS and further broader analyses across human–wildlife systems, we devised a list of variables to describe SEEDS subsystems, such as types and level of services and disservices, cost and benefit sharing, and social participation of stakeholders. Steps to implement SEEDS involve engaging local communities and stakeholders to define the subsystems, analyze interactions and outcomes, and identify leverage points and actions to remedy unwanted outcomes. These steps connect SEEDS with other existing approaches in social–ecological research and can guide analyses across systems or within individual systems to provide new insights and management options for sustainable human–wildlife coexistence.     

光合细菌PSB07-15对辣椒及土壤中甲氰菊酯残留的生物修复

利用光合细菌菌株PSB07-15对辣椒促生作用及对植株与土壤中甲氰菊酯残留的生物修复进行了研究,为光合细菌生物修复菊酯类农药残留的实际应用提供科学依据。结果表明：菌株PSB07-15菌液用ddH2O稀释100倍液、200倍液浸种处理后能够显著提高辣椒种子发芽率;田间小区试验结果表明,菌株PSB07-15施用1 875、3 750、7 500 mL.hm-2,辣椒鲜质量分别增加15.12%、21.68%、14.79%;菌株PSB07-15能够有效降解辣椒和土壤中甲氰菊酯残留（辣椒中大于47.20%,土壤中大于50.73%）。     

神经网络法应用于酚类化合物对青海弧菌毒性的预测

青海弧菌对有毒酚类化合物具有强烈的敏感性,为建立酚类衍生物对青海弧菌毒性的定量结构-活性相关性(QSAR)模型,分析了16种酚类衍生物的分子结构与对青海弧菌毒性之间的相关关系,计算了酚类衍生物的分子连接性指数和分子形状指数,并优化筛选了分子连接性指数的1阶路径指数(~1χ)和分子形状指数的2阶特征指数(K_2)及1阶和2阶指数乘积值(K_4),用这3种指数与对青海弧菌的毒性进行多元回归分析,多元回归方程的决定系数R~2=0.971。为进一步提高预测精度,将这3种分子结构参数作为神经网络的输入变量,毒性值作为输出变量,采用3:2:1的网络结构,通过反向传播(BP)神经网络法获得满意的QSAR预测模型,总的相关系数r为0.996,计算得到的毒性预测值与实验值较为吻合,平均相对误差仅为1.98%,结果表明该模型具有良好的预测酚类衍生物毒性的能力,可以看出神经网络方法对酚类化合物发光菌毒性预测比多元线性回归方法的统计学意义更加明显。     

In vitro microbiological evaluation of novel 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety

4-(5-(Methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde (3) and 4-(5-(ethylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylamino)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde (4) were prepared. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened in vitro for their antibacterial activities. The synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity.     

黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶学特性

采用DNS法研究了我国广泛分布的一种低等木食性白蚁——黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶活特性以了解其纤维素降解机制.结果表明,内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)这3种酶的最佳反应时间均为15 min,最佳底物浓度为1%,最适反应pH为5.6,最适反应温度为35℃.在最适反应条件下,EG、CBH和BG的活性分别达到71.3(±13.9)U/mg、5.8(±0.8)U/mg和4.1(±0.7)U/mg.EG在体外的热稳定性较差,在50℃及更高温度酶活很低或完全失活,但该酶对pH稳定性较好,在pH 3.2～8.0范围内酶活力变化不大.Native-PAGE电泳检测到该白蚁体内至少有8种不同的EG活性条带,肠道不同部位纤维素酶活性条带种类不同.这些研究表明,木食性白蚁降解纤维素是一个复杂的过程,需要多种纤维素酶的共同作用.     

深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsis isabellina)华2-1产油发酵培养条件优化

为开发微生物油脂资源,从富含油脂的土样中分离获得一株产油脂微生物——深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsisisabellina)华2-1,油脂含量达48.60%.采用单因素和正交实验方法,对深黄伞形霉华2-1的发酵培养条件进行优化研究.优化的培养条件为:葡萄糖100 g/L,酵母粉3 g/L,接种量为20%,初始pH值为5.0～6.0,MgSO4.7H2O和KH2PO4的添加浓度分别为0.5 g/L和2 g/L,培养温度为31℃,最佳发酵培养时间为168 h.华2-1在优化发酵条件下可获得菌体生物量、油脂产量和油脂含量分别为45.86 g/L、24.47 g/L和59.53%,较优化前分别提高了21.48%、33.42%和22.49%.因此,深黄伞形霉华2-1作为微生物油脂生产的新资源具有广阔的应用前景.     

Sizing of safety valves for multi-purpose plants according to ISO 4126-10

Multi-purpose plants are frequently protected with mechanical safety devices like safety valves or bursting disks. Due to many changes of recipes it must be checked regularly whether the safety devices are sufficiently sized. But the sizing procedure of individual safety devices can be very tedious. Therefore energy specific relief areas (effective relief area per kW of energy input) have been determined for approx. 60 typical solvents. They are indicated for reactors with safety devices which have a set pressure of 7 bar (abs) or 11 bar (abs). These values are independent of the size of the reactors for vaporizing systems and arbitrary safety valves. The energy specific relief areas allow the minimum required relief area quickly to recalculate if the energy input of the reactor is known. In addition, the application of solvents in multi-purpose plants can be evaluated from a safety point of few.The energy specific relief areas are calculated based on a relief of two-phase gas/liquid mixtures. The data have been determined with the non-equilibrium HNE-DS method, which takes into account the boiling delay of the liquid in the safety device and the slip between gases and liquids. The method is recommended in the international standard ISO 4126 part 10. In addition, practical advice and possible improvements are outlined. The method leads to significantly smaller relief areas than according to the API 520. For multi-purpose plants with available safety devices this method allows for a considerable expansion of the application range of reactors.     

醌呼吸影响厌氧消化产CO2/CH4及转化有毒物质的研究

利用蒽醌-2,6,-双磺酸(AQDS)为模式物在厌氧消化过程中富集醌呼吸微生物,考察了富集产物厌氧消化同步醌呼吸的产气特性和对有毒物质的转化.结果发现,富集产物具有较强的腐殖质还原能力,CO2:CH4为1.7,高于未富集污泥;不同来源的腐殖质因其具有不同的分子结构和醌功能基团数量,对污泥的醌呼吸的促进作用有所差别,而可从还原性腐殖质接受电子的Fe(III)可显著加强醌呼吸速率;醌呼吸微生物在pH4.5~6条件下获得较高活性,说明此时醌呼吸对厌氧消化贡献较大;富集产物以乙酸为电子供体时可快速转化苯和三氯乙烯, 27h的转化率分为85.9%和82.2%,并可以苯为电子供体以三氯乙烯为电子受体同时降解苯和还原三氯乙烯,30h内的转化率分别为81.7%和68.8%.