川西高原河流水体CDOM的光化学降解特性

川西高原部分河流溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量极高,因有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)具有独特的光学特性,其光降解特征与规律对于分析高寒区天然水体DOC动态及区域水-陆碳循环具有重要的环境意义.本文选取川西高原两种主要地貌类型的河流共5条,即高山峡谷区河流杂谷脑河、抚边河及岷江,丘状高原区河流白河、黑河,对河流水体CDOM三维荧光光谱(EEMs)与紫外-可见光吸收光谱(UV-Vis)采用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)与二维相关光谱(2D-COS)进行分析.结果表明:①白河和黑河CDOM的5 d降解率分别为64. 85%和63. 43%,光降解速率常数分别为0. 167 d-1和0. 173 d-1;抚边河CDOM浓度低(0. 71 m-1)光降解现象不明显,杂谷脑河和岷江CDOM光降解行为较为复杂;②在光降解过程中,除岷江外其余4条河流荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)内源特征(FI)逐渐减弱,黑河和白河CDOM芳香性、疏水性特征(SUVA254和SUVA260)及腐殖化程度(HIXa)逐渐降低;③川西高原5条河流中FDOM组分均呈2类4个组分,即C1(275/310 nm,类酪氨酸)、C2 [280(250)/400 nm,UVA类腐殖质]和C3(255/440 nm,UVA类腐殖质)、C4[270(360)/492 nm,UVA类腐殖质],类腐殖质FDOM较易光降解;④5条河流中UVA类腐殖质FDOM(尤其是500 nm发射波段)光降解反应先于类酪氨酸物质;丘状高原河流中UVA类腐殖质FDOM对于光照的敏感度大于高山峡谷区河流;⑤白河的主成分分析中识别出了2个因子,解释了这些参数变化的87. 28%,反映了光降解过程对于CDOM特征、荧光组分等方面的影响.     

Extractable atrazine and its metabolites in agricultural soils from the temperate humid zone

Extractable atrazine and its metabolites (hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) were evaluated in agricultural soils from the temperate humid zone (Galicia, NW Spain) under laboratory conditions. The experiment was performed with five soils with different properties (organic C, soil texture and atrazine application history), both unamended and treated with atrazine at field application rate. Measurements of the atrazine compounds were made at different time intervals (1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks) during a 3-month incubation period. Results showed that only hydroxyatrazine was detected in the extractable fraction of the unamended soils, with values remaining relatively constant throughout the incubation period. Atrazine addition notably increased the concentration of the parent compound and its degradation products; deisopropylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine were the main metabolites detected in the extractable fraction of the treated soils, whereas deethylatrazine was not detected. After 7 days incubation, values of total extractable residues, expressed as percentage of initially added atrazine, ranged from 75 to 86% (25–68% of atrazine, 7–11% of hydroxyatrazine and 9–57% of deisopropylatrazine). The values decreased rapidly during the first 3 weeks of incubation, showing values of 2–8% in soils with higher atrazine application and from 28 to 30% in soils with lower application history. At the end of the incubation, 2–8% of total extractable residues were still detected (0–4% of atrazine, 2–3% of hydroxyatrazine and 0–2% of deisopropylatrazine), indicating a residual effect of atrazine addition. These variations in the extractable fraction indicated that most added atrazine was rapidly degraded, especially in soils with higher application history.     

Farmland size,chemical fertilizers,and irrigation management effects on maize and wheat yield in Mexico

ABSTRACT

Farmland size is a key factor in debates over agricultural land use, food security, agrochemical pollution, and the future of smallholder systems. This paper examines relationships between farmland size, chemical fertilizers and irrigation management, and maize and wheat yield in Mexico. We used agricultural census data to estimate the mean farmland areas and crop yields of 5.5 million farms and nine million agricultural plots in 2,455 Mexican municipalities. We also derived indices of socio-environmental and management factors to examine relationships with yield. Using multiple regression models, we found that although mean farmland area positively relates to maize and wheat yield, the relationships depend critically on the management contexts of chemical fertilizers and irrigation, which vary widely across farm size gradients. Smallholder yield gaps were associated with deficits in irrigation, rather than chemical inputs. Findings highlight the growing need for expanded irrigation access and/or water management assistance for smaller farms.     

Tradeoffs between forestry resource and conservation values under alternate policy regimes: A spatial analysis of the western Canadian boreal plains

An important element of resource management and conservation is an understanding of the tradeoffs between marketed products, such as timber, and measures of environmental quality, such as biodiversity. In this paper, we develop an integrated economic-ecological spatial optimization model that we then apply to evaluate alternate forest policies on a 560,000 km² study region of managed boreal forest in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. The integrated model incorporates dynamic forest sector harvesting, current levels of oil and gas sector development, coarse-filter or habitat-based old forest indicators, a set of empirical forest bird abundance models, and statistical models of the natural and current fire regimes. Using our integrated model, economic tradeoff curves, or production possibility frontiers, are developed to illustrate the cost of achieving coarse-filter targets by a set time (50 years) within a 100-year time horizon. We found levels of ecological indicators and economic returns from the timber industry could both be increased if spatial constraints imposed by the current policy environment were relaxed; other factors being equal, this implies current policy should be revised. We explore the production possibility frontier's relationship to the range of natural variation of old forest habitat, and show how this range can be used to guide choices of preferred locations along the frontier. We also show that coarse-filter constraints on the abundance of certain habitat elements are sufficient to satisfy some fine-filter objectives, expressed as the predicted abundances of various species of songbirds.     

Challenges to interdisciplinary research in ecosystem-based management

Despite its necessity, integration of natural and social sciences to inform conservation efforts has been difficult. We examined the views of 63 scientists and practitioners involved in marine management in Mexico's Gulf of California, the central California coast, and the western Pacific on the challenges associated with integrating social science into research efforts that support ecosystem-based management (EBM) in marine systems. We used a semistructured interview format. Questions focused on how EBM was developed for these sites and how contextual factors affected its development and outcomes. Many of the traditional challenges linked with interdisciplinary research were present in the EBM projects we studied. However, a number of contextual elements affected how mandates to include social science were interpreted and implemented as well as how easily challenges could be addressed. For example, a common challenge is that conservation organizations are often dominated by natural scientists, but for some projects it was easier to address this imbalance than for others. We also found that the management and institutional histories that came before EBM in specific cases were important features of local context. Because challenges differed among cases, we believe resolving challenges to interdisciplinary research should be context specific.     

Effects of flow regimes altered by dams on survival, population declines, and range-wide losses of California river-breeding frogs

Widespread alteration of natural hydrologic patterns by large dams combined with peak demands for power and water delivery during summer months have resulted in frequent aseasonal flow pulses in rivers of western North America. Native species in these ecosystems have evolved with predictable annual flood-drought cycles; thus, their likelihood of persistence may decrease in response to disruption of the seasonal synchrony between stable low-flow conditions and reproduction. We evaluated whether altered flow regimes affected 2 native frogs in California and Oregon (U.S.A.) at 4 spatial and temporal extents. We examined changes in species distribution over approximately 50 years, current population density in 11 regulated and 16 unregulated rivers, temporal trends in abundance among populations occupying rivers with different hydrologic histories, and within-year patterns of survival relative to seasonal hydrology. The foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii), which breeds only in flowing water, is more likely to be absent downstream of large dams than in free-flowing rivers, and breeding populations are on average 5 times smaller in regulated rivers than in unregulated rivers. Time series data (range = 8 - 19 years) from 5 populations of yellow-legged frogs and 2 populations of California red-legged frogs (R. draytonii) across a gradient of natural to highly artificial timing and magnitude of flooding indicate that variability of flows in spring and summer is strongly correlated with high mortality of early life stages and subsequent decreases in densities of adult females. Flow management that better mimics natural flow timing is likely to promote persistence of these species and others with similar phenology.     

天然沸石对农田退水中氨氮的去除

利用静态吸附实验研究了沸石颗粒大小、氨氮初始浓度、接触时间及Na+离子浓度等因素对天然白银沸石去除模拟黄灌区农田退水中氨氮(NH4+-N)效果的影响,同时研究了吸附等温线特征,并考察了其吸附机理.研究结果表明,沸石颗粒大小、接触时间及NH4+和Na+初始浓度对NH4+-N交换容量都会产生一定影响;根据复相关系数(R2),NH4+-N的吸附等温线更符合三参数等温线模型;而对于两参数等温线模型,Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地描述NH4+-N在天然沸石上的离子交换过程;NH4+-N吸附实验数据与Elovich模型拟合最好(R2≥0.9766).研究结果表明了天然白银沸石是一种适合NH4+-N去除的离子交换剂,可用于黄灌区农田退水中NH4+-N的去除.     

基于空气负离子浓度的建筑室内空气清洁度评价

对深圳某办公楼部分房间的空气负离子浓度分布进行了观测研究,利用空气离子单极系数和安倍空气离子评价指数对不同设备制冷的办公室空气质量进行了评价分析。结果表明:自然通风状态下的空气清洁度比机械通风状态下高,利用可再生能源制冷技术的室内空气质量比普通空调制冷技术的好,放置负离子发生器对室内空气质量有显著提高。因此提高室内负离子浓度可以创造舒适的空气环境,并建议把空气负离子浓度列为室内环境的监测和评价指标,为今后城乡建设规划、城市林业规划和环境能源保护提供科学依据和设计思路。     

自然风化条件下原油中金刚烷的风化规律

以渤海2个原油作为研究对象进行自然风化实验,探讨了原油中金刚烷化合物的分布情况及其风化规律.结果表明,经过100 d的室外自然风化,原油中金刚烷的分布已经发生了较大的改变：风化损失程度与金刚烷化合物的沸点有关,风化初期单金刚烷损失严重,风化45 d,单金刚烷完全消失;双金刚烷浓度变化较小,有较好的抗风化稳定性;通过t检验分析,所选取诊断比值中,单金刚烷指标A6、A8、A12和双金刚烷指标A16、A17、A18较为稳定,能很好地指示自然风化20 d内油样的来源;双金刚烷指标A17、A18风化100 d非常稳定,可用于长期自然风化油样来源鉴别,金刚烷化合物诊断比值对于溢油鉴别具有重要的意义.     

2种防护涂层体系在湿热海洋环境下防护性能的劣化规律研究

目的 研究2种防护涂层体系在湿热海洋环境下自然暴露3 a的防护性能劣化规律。方法 确定试验件为钢–铝（钢）螺接连接件,试验地点为海南万宁,并按周期测得不同暴露时间下涂层A和涂层B的外观形貌、色差、光泽度、表面傅里叶红外光谱、电化学阻抗的相关数据。通过对比分析测试结果,判断2种涂层在不同暴露时间下的劣化程度,并最终得到其劣化规律。结果 涂层A自然暴露1 a老化严重,紧固件区域涂层剥落,平板区域失光率约为75%,阻抗模量降低5个数量级,色差ΔE~*为5（轻微变色）,涂层有机基团老化降解严重。涂层B自然暴露2 a,老化较严重,紧固件区域涂层剥落、生锈,平板失光率约为20%,阻抗模量降低2个数量级,色差ΔE~*为11（严重变色）,涂层有机基团轻微老化降解。结论 对于螺钉连接结构,连接区域不仅更容易被腐蚀,而且增加了附近平板区域的不一致性。涂层体系B的保护能力优于涂层体系A,涂层体系B的有效保护时间约为2 a,而涂层体系A则不到1 a。