Transformation and migration of phosphorus in excess sludge reduction pretreatment by alkaline ferrate oxidation combined with anaerobic digestion

Recently,more and more attention has been paid to the strong oxidation ability of newly prepared potassium ferrate(NAPF) in sludge reduction process,but less attention has been paid to the change of phosphorus in this process.The feasibility of phosphorus migration and transformation during excess sludge reduction pretre atment using NAPF pre-oxidation combined with anaerobic digestion was investigated.After 70 mg/g suspended solids NAPF pretreatment and 16 days anaerobic digestion,the solid-phase volatile suspended solids decreased by 44.2%,and much organic matter had been released into the liquid-phase and then degraded during digestion by indigenous microorganisms.As the sludge pre-oxidation process was performed,solid-phase organic phosphorus and chemically combined phosphorus also released into the liquid-phase as PO_4~(3-),peaking at 100 mg/L.During anaerobic digestion,the Fe~(3+)in the liquid-phase was gradually reduced to Fe~(2+),and then formed Fe~(2+)-PO_4~(3-) compound crystals and re-migrated to the solid-phase.The concentration of PO_4~(3-) decreased to 17.08± 1.1 mg/L in the liquid-phase after anaerobic digestion.Finally,the phosphorus in the Fe~(2+)-PO_4~(3-) compound accounts for 80% of the total phosphorus in the solid-phase.A large number of vivianite crystals in sludge were observed.Therefore,this technology not only effectively reduces sludge,but also increases the proportion of PO_4~(3-)in the sludge in the form of Vivianite.     

Linkage between water soluble organic matter and bacterial community in sediment from a shallow, eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

Lacustrine sediment played important roles in migration and transformation of its water soluble organic matter (WSOM), and the source and composition of WSOM would affect water trophic status and the fate of pollutants. However, we know little about the pathway of WSOM transformation and its driving bacterial communities in lacustrine sediment. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution patterns of sediment WSOM and its fluorescent fractions across Lake Chaohu using fluorescence spectroscopy, and explored WSOM compositional structure through our proposed calculated ratios. In addition, we also analyzed sediment bacterial community using Illumina sequencing technology, and probed the possible pathway of sediment WSOM transformation under the mediate of indigenous bacteria. Our results showed that the inflowing rivers affected the spatial distribution patterns of WSOM and its five fractions (including tyrosine-, tryptophan-, fulvic acid-, humic acid-like substances and soluble microbial productions), and sediment WSOM originated from fresh algae detritus or bacterial sources. In parallel, we also found that Proteobacteria (mainly γ-Proteobacteria and δ-Proteobacteria), Firmicutes (mainly Bacilli), Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes and Actinobacteria dominate sediment bacterial community. Furthermore, these dominant bacteria triggered sediment WSOM transformation, specifically, the humic acid-like substances could be converted into fulvic acid-like substances, and further degraded into aromatic protein-like and SMP substances. In addition, our proposed ratios (P-L:H-L, Ar-P:SMP and H-L ratio), as supplementary tool, were effective to reveal WSOM composition structure. These results figured out possible pathway of WSOM transformation, and revealed its microbial mechanism in lacustrine sediment.     

施用牛粪对As污染稻田水稻As吸收的影响

为探究牛粪施肥对污染稻田水稻As吸收的影响,采用盆栽培养试验研究了施加牛粪对土壤Fe和As的活性、水稻根表铁膜形成及籽粒As含量的影响。实验所用受高As矿山废水污染土壤(As:92. 3 mg/kg)施加10%～30%的牛粪,土壤溶解性有机碳含量增加8. 41～24. 5 mg/kg,土壤孔隙水pH提高0. 14～0. 59,土壤氧化还原电位降低93. 5～174 m V,与背景土(As:18. 1 mg/kg)变化趋势相同;施用牛粪还会活化土壤中的Fe和As,污染土壤Fe(II)、AO-Fe和HCl-As含量分别增加13. 5%～149%、35. 9%～90. 9%和70. 1%～181%,分别为背景土壤的0. 86～1. 66倍、1. 17～2. 15倍、4. 29～8. 91倍;施加牛粪能促进根表铁膜的形成,拔节期污染土壤和背景土壤水稻根表Fe分别是其对照的1. 56～1. 96倍和2. 09～3. 07倍,根表吸附As含量是其对照的3. 04～5. 18、3. 82～4. 08倍,根表附着Fe随牛粪的增加先增加后降低,至成熟期污染土壤水稻根表吸附Fe和As分别是背景土壤的1. 35～2. 91和8. 45～16. 6倍,根表As和Fe的物质量比为污染区(3. 49×10~(-3)～3. 55×10~(-3))背景区(4. 41×10~(-4)～6. 17×10~(-4));背景土壤施加牛粪后水稻籽粒As含量降低,最大降低36. 4%,而污染土壤水稻籽粒As含量增加,最大增加127%。牛粪对土壤As、Fe的活性及根表铁膜的形成都具有重要影响,会提高污染稻田籽粒中As的含量,含As矿山废水污染稻田应当谨慎施用牛粪。     

山西资源型城市创新环境与产业结构转型空间耦合

通过构建耦合协调度模型,分析2003年和2016年山西资源型城市创新环境与产业结构转型的空间耦合关系。结果表明：不同优势的城市创新环境质量随着时间的推移均发生不同程度的变化,其中高水平创新环境骤降,中等水平稳步升高,而低水平创新环境并未实现突破性的提升;产业结构高级化指数均呈增大趋势,产业结构合理化指数较高且变化相对复杂;原创新环境与产业结构高级化、合理化耦合度指数均较高且均为高度耦合区,但随着时间的推移,大部分城市逐渐下降;协调发展度较低,整体始终表现为“南北中度失调、中间严重失调”的格局;大部分城市相对发展度指数逐渐上升,山西“南北”区域属于创新环境超前型或同步发展型,而“中间”区域主要为创新环境滞后型的格局并未发生显著变化。因此,应当充分依托城市创新环境或产业结构转型现有的优势,因地制宜地分类指导其资源型城市建设发展,从而实现创新环境与产业结构转型的并进协同发展。     

京杭大运河(苏州段)内源磷形态分布及其对扰动的响应

以京杭大运河(苏州段)不同外源汇入断面的沉积物和上覆水为实验材料,研究了扰动条件下上覆水、沉积物中不同形态磷数量分布及形态转化过程.结果表明,污水厂尾水排放口处的沉积物内源磷更容易释放,且扰动期间上覆水中不同形态磷(TP、PP、DTP、DIP)均处于较高水平,明显高于风景区和居民区,此外,也归因于水丝蚓的生物扰动.但随着扰动次数的增加,上覆水中各形态磷含量呈降低趋势.扰动显著改变了上覆水中形态磷分布规律,DIP/DTP、DIP/TP及DIP/DTP比值呈降低趋势,并在第11 d以后趋于稳定,但在有水丝蚓扰动下,改变幅度变小.扰动导致沉积物中不同形态磷含量发生变化,NH_4Cl-P含量明显降低,Fe/Al-P明显增加,其中,污水厂尾水排放口沉积物中NH4Cl-P和Fe/Al-P的变化幅度最大.     

小球藻对土壤-水稻系统砷化学形态转化的影响

为揭示绿藻对土壤-水稻系统砷形态转化的影响特征,系统分析了不同浓度小球藻共存条件下水稻土砷氧化还原与溶解释放行为的变化,并结合水稻培育试验,对小球藻影响水稻砷吸收与体内砷形态的发生机制进行探讨.试验设置对照组及小球藻浓度（以体积分数计）分别为1%、5%、10%的处理,研究了小球藻对溶液体系、淹水土壤体系和淹水土壤-水稻体系中砷的化学形态转化的作用.结果表明:加藻组使As（Ⅲ）溶液和淹水土壤E_h（氧化还原电位）与pH均普遍高于对照组.在As（Ⅲ）溶液体系中,加藻组As（Ⅲ）氧化转化率较对照组升高2.38%~4.95%,该作用在淹水土壤中得到印证,小球藻的共存使土壤孔隙水ρ[As（Ⅴ）]较对照组升高129.22%~221.41%,而ρ（甲基砷）出现显著下降（5.25%~53.31%）.水稻栽培试验进一步发现,小球藻明显促进土壤中晶体态铁铝氧化物向弱结晶与无定形铁铝氧化物结合态砷等的转化,导致水稻幼苗对砷的吸收积累量增加-3.4%~23.11%,推测这与小球藻作用下土壤孔隙水ρ（DOC）的增加密切相关.研究显示,尽管小球藻有利于提高淹水土壤体系E_h并加速As（Ⅲ）的氧化转化,但小球藻可能通过有机酸等分泌物的竞争吸附作用促进铁铝氧化物结合态砷的溶解释放,从而增加水稻砷吸收;淡水藻类对土壤-水稻体系砷吸收积累的风险值得引起高度关注,并需要在大田试验中进一步加以验证.      

典型旅游城市河流水体及污水厂出水中全氟烷基酸类化合物的空间分布及其前体物的转化

全氟烷基酸类化合物(perfluoroalkyl Acids,PFAAs)在各环境介质中被普遍检出,对生态环境和人体健康具有潜在风险.为探明旅游型城市不同水体PFAAs污染特征及其前体物对污染的贡献,以典型旅游型城市——日照市为例,基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱,结合WAX固相萃取及羟基自由基氧化等方法,系统分析了日照市主要河流水体和污水厂出水中15种PFAAs及其3种前体物的含量水平和空间分布特征,探讨PFAAs前体物的转化潜力及其对污染的贡献.结果表明,在上述水体中15种PFAAs普遍被检出,前体物中只有全氟辛基磺酰胺(perfluorooctane sulfoneamide,FOSA)被检出;在河流水体和污水厂出水中总质量浓度(ΣPFAAs)分别为3. 79~45. 58 ng·L~(-1)和54. 04~105. 64 ng·L~(-1),其中质量浓度较高的污染物是全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctanesulfonic acid,PFOS)、全氟己烷磺酸(perfluorohexanesulfonic acid,PFHx S)、全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoic acid,PFNA).河流水体ΣPFAAs明显低于污水厂出水,河流下游水体高于上游.运用羟基自由基氧化法对样品进行氧化处理后,所有样品PFAAs的质量浓度都明显升高;相对于河流水体,污水厂出水中碳原子数为4~12的全氟羧酸类化合物(perfluorinated carboxylic acids,PFCAs)浓度增加值(ΣΔPFCAC4~C12)更高,这可能是由于PFAAs前体物在污水处理过程中降解所致.研究成果可为旅游城市新型污染物环境污染防治提供数据支撑和技术借鉴.     

Dynamics of major air pollutants from crop residue burning in mainland China, 2000–2014

Based on satellite image data and China's Statistical Yearbooks(2000 to 2014), we estimated the total mass of crop residue burned, and the proportion of residue burned in the field vs.indoors as domestic fuel. The total emissions of various pollutants from the burning of crop residue were estimated for 2000-2014 using the emission factor method. The results indicate that the total amount of crop residue and average burned mass were 8690.9 Tg and4914.6 Tg, respectively. The total amount of emitted pollutants including CO_2, CO, NOx,VOCs, PM_(2.5), OC(organic carbon), EC(element carbon) and TC(total carbon) were 4212.4–8440.9 Tg, 192.8–579.4 Tg, 4.8–19.4 Tg, 18.6–61.3 Tg, 18.8–49.7 Tg, 6.7–31.3 Tg, 2.3–4.7 Tg, and8.5–34.1 Tg, respectively. The emissions of pollutants released from crop residue burning were found to be spatially variable, with the burning of crop residue mainly occurring in Northeast, North and South China. In addition, pollutant emissions per unit area(10 km ×10 km) were mostly concentrated in the central and eastern regions of China. Emissions of CO_2, NOx, VOCs, OC and TC were mainly from rice straw burning, while burning of corn and wheat residues contributed most to emissions of CO, PM_(2.5) and EC. The increased ratio of PM_(2.5) emissions from crop residue burning to the total emitted from industry during the study period is attributed to the implementation of strict emissions management policies in Chinese industry. This study also provides baseline data for assessment of the regional atmospheric environment.     

高铝粉煤灰脱硅反应工艺优化及机理探讨

为探究高铝粉煤灰脱硅最佳工艺条件及了解其脱硅过程物相转化机理,通过正交试验研究了w(NaOH)(10%~30%)、灰碱比(质量比,取1∶0.3~1∶2.0)、时间(1.0~4.0 h)和温度(90~150 ℃)对脱硅效率及铝硅比(质量比)的影响. 结果表明:w(NaOH)为20%、灰碱比为1∶0.5、反应时间为2.0 h、反应温度为120 ℃是粉煤灰脱硅反应的最佳条件;在最佳条件下铝硅比由原灰的1.23升至2.02以上,脱硅效率达38.6%.反应温度、灰碱比、碱液浓度、时间对脱硅率的影响依次减弱. 通过定量X射线衍射(XRD)分析了脱硅前后物相的变化,当温度高于120 ℃时,有大量方钠石形成,并且方钠石生成量(X)与铝硅比(Y)呈显著负相关,有Y=-0.012 8X+2.03 (R2=0.930,P<0.01). 由扫描电镜(SEM)对粉煤灰脱硅前后的表观形貌变化观察可知,粉煤灰在脱硅过程中非晶态SiO₂部分溶解,从而进一步证实了方钠石的生成是影响脱硅效率的关键因素.      

农用地土壤环境分类管理研究

通过分析国内外农用地土壤环境分类管理经验,结合我国土壤环境质量状况,以土壤环境风险管控为主线,将农用地土壤分为优先保护类、安全利用类和严格管控类3个类别,并提出相应的分类管理措施,保障农产品质量安全和人体健康。