铊的环境地球化学研究进展

铊（Tl）作为一种高毒害性的元素越来越受到人们的关注。大量含Tl矿物的开采和冶炼、化石燃料的燃烧等人类活动,导致Tl及其化合物进入环境,进而通过食物链进入生物体,从而对动植物特别是人类健康造成严重的危害。文章对铊在各环境介质中的存在、迁移、转化,以及Tl的生物效应研究进展进行了概述。Tl在岩石中的平均质量分数为0.5~10 mg.kg-1,在大气中的平均质量浓度为0.22~1.0 ng.m-3,在天然水体中的平均质量浓度为0.001~1.264μg.L-1,在土壤中的平均质量分数为0.01~3.0 mg.kg-1,在植物中的平均质量分数为0.02~0.25 mg.kg-1。大气中的铊可随大气迁移,导致全球Tl污染;土壤中Tl的迁移主要受pH影响,pH越小其迁移能力越强,而水中溶解态的铊迁移能力最强。植物对Tl具有较强的富集能力,而动物实验则表明Tl具有一定的致畸性,可能存在一定的致癌性,并且职业暴露是人体Tl中毒的主要原因。尽管有关有Tl的地球化学以及生态毒理学方面的研究取得了一定的进展,但有关Tl在环境介质之间的界面化学机理、Tl在分子水平上吸附机理、不同形态的Tl在生物体中的致毒代谢机理以及铊的同位素在环境介质中的变化等方面仍有待于进一步的研究。     

低温下排水速率对CANON型人工快速渗滤系统稳定性的影响

在中温[(35±2)℃]、高氨氮[(459.98±36.98)mg/L]浓度下启动基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮(CANON)型人工快速渗滤(CRI)系统,而后使其在低温[(10±2)℃]下处理生活污水,探究了排水速率(vd)对系统氮素转化性能及微生物特性的影响.结果表明,对vd的合理设置可修复并优化CRI系统中的限氧微环境...     

Facilitating biodiversity conservation through partnerships to achieve transformative outcomes

Conservation biology is a mission-driven discipline that must navigate a new relationship between conservation and science. Because conservation is a social and political as well as an ecological project, conservation biologists must practice interdisciplinarity and collaboration. In a comparative study of 7 cases (Jaguars in the Chaco, Grevy's zebra in Kenya, Beekeeping in Tanzania, Andean cats in Argentina, Jaguars in Mexico, Lobster fishing, and Black bears in Mexico), we examined motivations for collaboration in conservation, who can collaborate in conservation, and how conservation professionals can work well together. In 5 case studies, successful conservation outcomes were prioritized over livelihood benefits. In the other 2 cases, livelihoods were prioritized. All case studies employed participatory approaches. There were multiple external actors, including local and Indigenous communities, nongovernmental organizations, agencies, regional and national governments, and international organizations, which enhanced conservation and wider sustainability outcomes. Key collaboration aspects considered across the case studies were time (mismatch between relationship building and project schedules), trust required for meaningful partnerships, tools employed, and transformative potential for people, nature, and the discipline of conservation biology. We developed guidelines for successful collaboration, including long-term commitment, knowledge integration, multiscalar and plural approaches, cultivation of trust, appropriate engagement, evaluation, supporting students, and efforts for transformation.     

Opportunities and challenges for Common Agricultural Policy reform to support the European Green Deal

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the European Union's main instrument for agricultural planning, with a new reform approved for 2023–2027. The CAP intends to align with the European Green Deal (EGD), a set of policy initiatives underpinning sustainable development and climate neutrality in the European Union (EU), but several flaws cast doubts about the compatibility of the objectives of these 2 policies. We reviewed recent literature on the potential of CAP environmental objectives for integration with the EGD: protection of biodiversity, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable management of natural resources. The CAP lacks appropriate planning measures, furthering instead risks to biodiversity and ecosystem services driven by landscape and biotic homogenization. Funding allocation mechanisms are not tailored to mitigate agricultural emissions, decreasing the efficiency of climate mitigation actions. The legislation subsidies farmers making extensive use of synthetic inputs without adequately supporting organic production, hindering the transition toward sustainable practices. We recommend proper control mechanisms be introduced in CAP Strategic Plans from each member state to ensure the EU is set on a sustainable production and consumption path. These include proportional assignment of funds to each CAP objective, quantitative targets to set goals and evidence-based interventions, and relevant indicators to facilitate effective monitoring of environmental performance. Both the CAP and the EGD should maintain ambitious environmental commitments in the face of crisis to avoid further degradation of the natural resources on which production systems stand.     

煤燃烧脱硫过程中影响无机矿物转化行为的因素

以合山煤(HS)和万盛煤(WS)为研究对象,分别讨论了当石灰石作固硫剂时钙硫比、温度等因素对固硫效率的影响;运用XRD测试手段,研究了不同脱硫条件对其灰渣产物矿相组成的影响规律,并利用CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂三元相图进行分析,从而初步揭示出煤燃烧脱硫过程中无机矿物质间的转化行为.实验表明:燃烧温度和钙硫比对固硫率及灰渣产物的矿相组成都具有很重要的影响.升高温度或提高Ca/S,能明显促进CaO与煤粉中无机成分间的固相反应,利于C₄AF、C₂AS、β-C₂S等矿物的形成,但大于1050℃后易使硬石膏发生分解,而引起固硫率下降.固硫产物中含硫矿物的形式与含量决定了不同温度下固硫效率.本实验中,石灰石对合山煤的最佳固硫条件为Ca/S＝2～3,t=850～900℃,此时固硫率高达90%左右.     

拔风管对CANON型人工湿地脱氮性能的影响

以猪场沼液为处理对象,探究了拔风管对基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮(CANON)型潮汐流人工湿地(TFCW)氮素转化性能及微生物种群结构的影响.结果表明,拔风管数量可显著影响CANON型TFCW中脱氮功能微生物的数量与活性,进而影响其氮素转化速率.在水力负荷(HLR)≤0.18m3/(m2·d)的前提下,随着拔风管数量由0增...     

城市污水再生处理过程中壬基酚的迁移转化行为研究

采用SPE-GC-MSD-SIM方法,分析了壬基酚在污水再生处理全过程中的迁移转化行为与归宿.研究表明,在污水二级生物处理流程中,壬基酚主要来源为原污水和泥区回流液;壬基酚的去除途径有一沉池生污泥的吸附迁移作用和曝气池单元的生物降解转化作用,其中一沉池生污泥的吸附去除29.8%,曝气池生物降解54.4%,NP总去除率为84.2%.絮凝、过滤和消毒的污水再生深度处理工艺对壬基酚的迁移转化作用不明显.     

Quaternized agricultural by-products as anion exchange resins

The objectives of this study were the chemical modification of readily available, low-cost agricultural by-products to anion exchange resins and the selection of the best modified by-product for further use in anion removal. Resins were prepared through the quaternization of a series of 12 agricultural by-products with N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CHMAC). Phosphate ion adsorption assays were conducted at pH 7 in order to compare adsorption properties among the by-products. Quaternized corn stover showed the highest phosphorus adsorption at 0.66 mmole/g. Since corn stover exhibited the best uptake of phosphate ion, it was compared to a commercially available, cellulose-based anion exchange resin. Additionally, adsorption capacities of quaternized corn stover for arsenate, chromate, and selenate were evaluated and adsorption efficiencies were determined in simulated wastewater samples. Our results indicate that modified corn stover demonstrates good adsorption uptake for arsenate and selenate and especially for chromate.     

A Method for Improving the Management of Controversial Wetland

Valley bottom wetlands in agricultural landscapes often are neglected in national and regional wetland inventories. Although these areas are small, located in the bottomlands of the headwater catchments, and scattered in the rural landscape, they strongly influence hydrology, water quality, and biodiversity over the whole catchment area. Valley bottom wetlands often are considered as controversial wetlands. Awareness of the functional role of wetlands is increasing, in parallel with their progressive disappearance in intensive farming landscapes. The need to improve tools for controlling wetland management is a primary consideration for decision makers and land users. This article proposes a method for the inventory of valley bottom wetlands. The method is based on the functional analysis of potential, existing, and efficient valley bottom wetlands (the PEEW approach). Several indicators are proposed for checking the validity of such an approach. Potential wetlands are delineated by means of a topographic index using topographic and pedoclimatic criteria computed from a Digital Elevation Model and easily accessible databases. Existing wetlands are identified from observed surface moisture, the presence of specific wetland vegetation, or soil feature criteria. Efficient wetlands are defined through a given function, such as flow or pollutant regulation or biodiversity control. An analysis of areas at the limits between potential, existing, and efficient wetlands highlights land cultivated or drained in the past, which currently represents negotiating areas in which rehabilitation and other intended management actions can be implemented.     

球形红细菌转化去除重金属镉及其机理研究

研究了不同理化因素对光合细菌球形红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)H菌株生长和镉去除能力的影响.结果表明,该菌株的最佳生长和对镉的最佳去除条件为:pH=7.0,温度为30℃,好氧黑暗,接种量9%.在最佳条件下,镉的去除率可达85%以上.通过X射线衍射光谱分析,H菌株对镉离子的转化产物为硫化镉.通过测定镉的去除与细菌生长曲线及半胱氨酸脱巯基酶的活性,表明镉的去除与菌体的生长稳定期相关.此外,通过分析菌体对硫酸盐的代谢过程,探讨了该菌株生长细胞去除重金属镉的机理.