DMPP对稻田田面水氮素转化及流失潜能的影响

采用杭嘉湖地区典型的小粉土和青紫泥土壤,进行水稻盆栽试验,研究新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)对稻田田面水氮素转化及径流流失潜能的影响.结果表明,小粉土和青紫泥土壤稻田应用添加DMPP抑制剂的尿素,与常规尿素处理相比,田面水中铵态氮的浓度增加24.8%和16.7%,硝态氮浓度降低47.7%和70.9%,亚硝态氮浓度降低90.6%和88.9%,总无机氮浓度下降13.5%与23.1%,能显著减轻农田氮素流失对水环境存在的污染;DMPP可使田面水的电导率下降,降低盐基离子随农田排水或暴雨径流所导致的流失风险,有助于保护河流水体等地表水环境.     

Scenarios of global bioenergy production: The trade-offs between agricultural expansion, intensification and trade

Increased future demands for food, fibre and fuels from biomass can only be met if the available land and water resources on a global scale are used and managed as efficiently as possible. The main routes for making the global agricultural system more productive are through intensification and technological change on currently used agricultural land, land expansion into currently non-agricultural areas, and international trade in agricultural commodities and processed goods. In order to analyse the trade-offs and synergies between these options, we present a global bio-economic modelling approach with a special focus on spatially explicit land and water constraints as well as technological change in agricultural production. For a global bioenergy demand scenario reaching 100 ExaJoule (EJ) until 2055 we derive a required rate of productivity increase on agricultural land between 1.2 and 1.4 percent per year under different land allocation options. A very high pressure for yield increase occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, even without additional bioenergy demand. Moreover, we analyse the implicit values (shadow prices) of limited water resources. The shadow prices for bioenergy are provided as a metric for assessing the trade-offs between different land allocation options and as a link between the agricultural and energy sector.     

·OH自由基介导2,4-二氯酚光降解机理及产物毒性变化特征的理论研究

由于2,4-二氯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,简称2,4-DCP)具有"三致"作用及潜在的生态风险,其光化学降解机理及产物的生态毒理效应目前成为人们关注的焦点。本研究采用理论化学计算手段,系统阐明了2,4-DCP在水环境中·OH介导的间接光化学转化机理、动力学和转化产物的生态毒性变化特征。结果表明2,4-DCP很容易被·OH氧化降解,其降解主要通过·OH-加成和H-迁移路径进行。在低温条件下·OH-加成路径将占主导,主要形成4,6-二氯苯-1,3-二酚;而当温度超过313 K时,·OH提取酚羟基上的氢原子为主要降解途径,主要形成2-氯苯-对苯醌。尤其在活性物种浓度较低的高温环境中,H-迁移路径有可能生成二噁英。计算毒理学结果表明:H-迁移产物的水生毒性超过·OH-加成产物,甚至超出母体2,4-DCP一个毒性等级。因此,我们建议在以后的环境监测以及风险评估过程中,关注2,4-DCP及其转化产物特别是H-迁移路径的转化产物的生态毒理学问题。     

生物扰动对沉积物中重金属迁移转化影响的研究进展

沉积物是重金属在环境中迁移转化的重要媒介。生物扰动能改变沉积物的物理化学组成,从而影响沉积物中重金属的赋存形态和迁移转化特征。文章介绍了生物扰动的定义和种类,生物扰动的影响因素以及扰动过程中影响污染物释放的主要因素,并综述了近年来生物扰动对沉积物中重金属镉、铜、锌、铅和其他重金属的环境行为影响。     

放牧,草原生态系统存在的基本方式——兼论放牧的转型

放牧是国内外普遍运用的土地管理的基本手段,至今全球陆地大约半数以上处于放牧管理之下。但受传统农耕文化的影响,我国当前对放牧管理系统存在很多误解,尤其是把草原的生态恶化、牧区贫困、文化落后都归罪于草原放牧,导致禁牧盛行。从放牧的基本内涵看,当前我国草原所面临的问题,不在放牧本身,而是对放牧认识的不足和放牧管理的缺陷,割裂了人居-草地-畜群之间的联系。从历史角度看,放牧做出了巨大贡献。而随着社会和科技的进步,放牧历经原始游牧期、放牧转型期与放牧现代化时期三阶段。西方发达国家在20世纪30年代就实现了放牧的现代化转型。畜牧业现代化的核心是以人居-草地-畜群放牧系统单元为内核的划区轮牧。划区轮牧是一种开放的农业技术体系,具有多种方式,适应于不同的农业系统,可兼顾生态与生产的需求,是草地放牧管理的重大进步。为了实现草原生态系统的生态和经济双重效应,我国畜牧业应该尽快实现草原管理和放牧的现代化转型。这是我国草地畜牧业现代化的必经之路,也是现代农业的必要内涵。     

内分泌干扰物壬基酚在环境中迁移转化的研究进展

作为一种内分泌干扰物,壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)是壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO)的主要降解产物,具有高亲脂性、难降解性、生物累积性和高毒性.全面了解NP在环境中的迁移转化规律是对其进行科学的风险评价的基础.本文归纳和分析了近几年国内外学者有关NP在环境中的分布情况及其迁移转化的研究动态,从来源、分布及其在环境中主要的迁移转化过程和机理等方面分别论述了内分泌干扰物壬基酚在环境中的行为,重点讨论了NP在沉积物和土壤中的吸附-解吸和生物降解的机理及影响因素,最后指出了今后的主要研究方向.     

碳纳米材料在环境中的转化

碳纳米材料主要包括富勒烯、碳纳米管和石墨烯.随着碳纳米材料的研究和应用范围不断扩大,其对环境的影响和在环境中的行为也逐渐受到关注,而在环境中的转化是环境行为的一个重要方面.首先,环境转化会改变碳纳米材料的性质,从而影响其它行为如聚集沉降和生态毒性.同时,作为一种以碳为骨架的材料,能否被自然界转化、从而进入碳循环是评价碳纳米材料长期环境影响的必要信息.因此,本文重点总结了碳纳米材料在自然环境条件和水处理条件下可能发生的生物或非生物转化,并分析影响碳纳米材料转化的因素,和转化过程对其环境行为的影响.     

头孢曲松氯化消毒转化产物鉴定及机理研究

以头孢曲松为目标化合物,探索其在氯消毒处理中的转化机理.结果显示头孢曲松在氯化处理中主要发生两种反应,一种为氧化反应,另一种为氯化反应.头孢曲松分子中的硫醚官能团经氧化生成亚砜产物,消毒剂中的氯原子与噻唑环中的4-C原子发生亲电取代反应生成氯代产物.更为重要的是,本研究还探讨了低浓度头孢曲松在环境水体基质中的氯化转化特征,结果表明,本文所推测的反应机理在含头孢曲松的实际环境水样的氯化处理中同样发生.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in dated environmental samples,and their connection to known sources

This article investigates available environmental data from measurements of the everywhere present contaminants polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in dated trends in sediment, soil and herbage from locales in Europe and North America. The PCDD/F data are examined in relation to potential major PCDD/F sources based on volume: wood and coal, example of natural combustion; pentachlorophenol (PnCP), example of chlorinated aro‐matics; and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis, example of chlorinated aliphatic. Collected PCDD/F data of congener sums and 2, 3, 7, 8‐substituted congener (PCDD/F profiles) have been investigated with multivariate methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares projection to latent structures model (PLS). The results show that PCDD/F data from 12 locales can be separated in one to three independent profiles. Normally one profile is related to the PCDD/F found in PnCP and another to combustion. A subtype of the ‘PnCP’ and ‘combustion’ profiles indicates PCDD/F contributions from PVC‐related combustions. The environmental profiles exhibit some differences from the suggested sources. The relatively unprotected PCDD/F related to PnCP is suggested to have passed photolytic and/or thermal dechlorinations. Lower‐chlorinated congeners in environmental profiles related to combustion appear to have been influenced by environmental distribution processes. PCDD/F data before industrial production of chlorinated organics have only limited similarity to PCDD/F in technical PnCP profiles; an average 4.6% of the PCDD/F is related to PnCP. This suggests that PnCP similarity in recent deposition profiles cannot be a result of environmental transformation. The average proportion of PnCP‐related PCDD/F profile in recent depositions is 35% with North America high (average 57%) and Europe low (average 24%).     

Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of cadmium†

There is limited evidence to suggest that certain compounds of cadmium may be mildly mutagenic. Some compounds of cadmium have given rise to fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection in the rat and also to interstitial cell tumours of the testis as a sequel to cellular damage and testicular atrophy. Cadmium chloride aerosol inhalation has induced a high incidence of dose‐related lung cancer in the rat. Epidemiological observations suggest that mortality from prostatic and possibly from lung cancer has been increased in cadmium workers who had experienced the very high levels of cadmium, mainly as oxide dust or fume, which existed in the past. The more recent epidemiological studies have not added further evidence in support of the carcinogenic role of cadmium.