Understanding the interacting factors that influence social vulnerability: a case study of the 2016 central Italy earthquake

This paper seeks to identify those areas that proved socially vulnerable to the earthquake that struck central Italy on 24 August 2016. The study involved four key steps. First, six relevant social vulnerability indicators were selected, based on previous conclusions in the literature. Second, the indicators were mapped using the inverse distance weighted interpolation method. Third, social vulnerability was assessed according to a spatial combination of the indicators. Fourth, in order to build a heterogeneity map, another approach was employed to represent the spatial variability of social vulnerability and to provide additional information on the synergistic contributions of the indicators. The results indicate that age and accessibility indicators affect the entire region under review, with highly vulnerable zones being close to small historical centres. These findings will be useful to governments, policymakers, and stakeholders with regard to implementing vulnerability mitigation strategies in Italian territories that are highly susceptible to earthquake hazards.     

工业设备地震破坏等级划分研究

我国工业企业地震灾害破坏等级规范中只有针对建筑物的震害破坏等级划分,而对在地震灾害中同样受损严重的工业设备,有关的国家规范以及研究成果却极少。分析了工业设备类型以及震害损失特点,并在借鉴国内外研究基础上,提出工业设备地震破坏等级划分原则和依据,将工业设备震害破坏划分为基本完好、轻微破坏、中等破坏、严重破坏以及毁坏五个等级,并给出每个等级下的宏观描述。工业设备震害破坏等级划分是对我国地震现场工作规范的补充和完善,对提高我国工业企业的地震灾害损失评估工作效率和准确度有重要意义。     

Disaster resilience and population ageing: the 1995 Kobe and 2004 Chuetsu earthquakes in Japan

This paper provides a framework for evaluating the effects of population ageing on disaster resilience. In so doing, it focuses on the 1995 Kobe and 2004 Chuetsu earthquakes, two major disasters that affected Japan before the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake. It analyses regional population recovery on the basis of pre‐disaster and post‐recovery demographic characteristics using defined transition patterns of population ageing. The evaluation framework demonstrates that various recovery measures make different contributions to disaster resilience for each transition pattern of population ageing. With reference to regional population ageing, the framework allows for a prediction of disaster resilience, facilitating place vulnerability assessments and potentially informing policy‐making strategies for Japan and other countries with ageing populations.     

Organisational resilience following the Darfield earthquake of 2010

This paper presents the preliminary findings of a study on the resilience and recovery of organisations following the Darfield earthquake in New Zealand on 4 September 2010. Sampling included organisations proximal and distal to the fault trace, organisations located within central business districts, and organisations from seven diverse industry sectors. The research captured information on the challenges to, the impacts on, and the reflections of the organisations in the first months of recovery. Organisations in central business districts and in the hospitality sector were most likely to close, while organisations that had perishable stock and livestock were more heavily reliant on critical services. Staff well‐being, cash flow, and customer loss were major concerns for organisations across all sectors. For all organisations, the most helpful factors in mitigating the effects of the earthquake were their relationship with staff members, the design and type of buildings, and critical service continuity or swift reinstatement of services.     

Shelter recovery in urban Haiti after the earthquake: the dual role of social capital

This paper documents the culture‐specific understanding of social capital among Haitians and examines its benefits and downsides in post‐disaster shelter recovery following the 12 January 2010 earthquake. The case study of shelter recovery processes in three socioeconomically diverse communities (Pétion‐Ville, Delmas and Canapé Vert) in Port‐au‐Prince suggests that social capital plays dual roles in post‐disaster shelter recovery of the displaced population in Haiti. On the one hand, it provides enhanced access to shelter‐related resources for those with connections. On the other hand, it accentuates pre‐existing inequalities or creates new inequalities among displaced Haitians. In some cases, such inequalities lead to tensions between the have and have‐nots and instigate violence among the displaced.     

低碳生态视角下的灾后统筹重建模式——以汶川地震为例

在汶川8.0级地震及其次生灾害的共用作用下,地震灾区生态环境变得更加脆弱.灾后3年灾区重建任务主要集中在经济社会方面,对生态环境重建的投入不足,以及灾区高碳化产业结构,造成灾区生态系统功能退化,灾区生态系统出现弱均衡现象,严重影响灾区生态系统的可持续发展.灾区生态弱均衡可防可控,通过在灾区树立低碳均衡发展思想,制定灾区生态低碳发展路径;加大节能减排工作力度,调整灾区产业结构;推行退耕还林政策,发展林木产业,推进生态农业低碳建设;构建森林碳汇示范基地,实施低碳生态战略,推动灾区生态系统全面可持续发展.     

L'Aquila's reconstruction challenges: has Italy learned from its previous earthquake disasters?

Italy is an earthquake‐prone country and its disaster emergency response experiences over the past few decades have varied greatly, with some being much more successful than others. Overall, however, its reconstruction efforts have been criticised for being ad hoc, delayed, ineffective, and untargeted. In addition, while the emergency relief response to the L'Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009—the primary case study in this evaluation—seems to have been successful, the reconstruction initiative got off to a very problematic start. To explore the root causes of this phenomenon, the paper argues that, owing to the way in which Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi has politicised the process, the L'Aquila reconstruction endeavour is likely to suffer problems with local ownership, national/regional/municipal coordination, and corruption. It concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at addressing the pitfalls that may confront the L'Aquila reconstruction process over the next few years.     

地震应急救援标准体系及其关键标准研究

为明确中国地震应急救援标准体系发展的方向和重点,更好地指导地震应急救援的标准化工作。在充分调研国内应急救援标准体系相关研究的基础上,分别从地震应急救援准备、应急救援响应和应急救援恢复3个方面对中国和国际标准化组织、美国、英国、德国等标准研究机构及协会颁布的近200项突发事件应急救援标准进行归纳和研究。结合中国突发事件应急管理和地震灾害应急救援工作机制的特点,提出中国地震应急救援标准体系的构建原则、地震应急救援标准体系结构和急需编制的关键标准。     

在地震作用下碎石土滑坡抗滑桩的抗震加固作用机理研究

本文利用弹塑性动力固结大变形有限元模型,采用非线性分析的方法对比研究在地震荷载作用下的碎石土滑坡的抗滑桩在坡脚和边坡中部的抗震加固效果.研究结果表明:设置在边坡中部的抗滑桩相对于设置在边坡下部的抗滑桩对整体边坡土体位移支挡最有效.不同高程点动弯距的变化趋势基本相同.在同样条件下中桩位抗滑桩的静力、动力弯矩大于桩位在坡脚的抗滑桩相应位置的弯矩,表明中桩位加固位置可以更有效发挥抗滑桩的抗弯承载能力.从提高边坡稳定性和抗滑桩的抗滑效果来看,边坡中部的抗滑桩抗震加固效果较好.     

高原地震协同应急方法研究——以玉树地震为例

为提高各高原地震应对部门间的协同联动能力,基于组织冲突角度的协同思想对高原地震应急方法进行研究。针对我国高原地震特点,结合高原地震相关应急预案中各主体的职责体系,归纳高原地震应急过程中5种基本冲突类型,建立冲突矩阵。并基于"解决冲突,有序协同"的理念,提出协同应急响应方法,建立协同效率评价模型。就玉树地震救援过程,拟合出高原地震中4个主要部门(救援队伍、医疗部门、交通部门以及协会组织)的协同救援效率,并作出救援效果曲线。结果表明:采用根据冲突模型构建的协同应急方法不仅能够极大地提高救援效率,还能够发现影响救援效率的潜在冲突。