Population collapses in the pre-modern period: case study of the Fuping County,Northwest China

The pre-modern history of population change in the Fuping County (Shaanxi Province, China) during the Ming and Qing Dynasties (AD 1368–1911) was reconstructed using historical sources. The Fuping County experienced two major population collapses, i.e. the late Ming Dynasty (1550–1640s) and the 1860–1880s. The first one was caused by the great AD 1556 earthquake and the extreme droughts and warfare in the 1630–1640s. The second one was caused by warfare and extreme droughts. As a whole, natural disasters, including extreme drought and great earthquake, were the key direct causes of population collapse, and climatic cooling would be a potential indirect cause. It is very interesting that population collapses occurred almost synchronously in the Fuping County and whole China, and the trends of population change were also very similar. Climate–population relationship in China would be valid at finer geographic level, and climatic cooling could be a potential indirect cause of population collapse.     

软弱围岩节理性质对隧道塌方范围影响研究*

为探究节理岩体在节理扩展-节理破坏-岩体失稳过程中的力学特性变化及变形破坏规律,采用块体离散元软件3DEC进行数值模拟,对节理岩体中隧道开挖后围岩的应力变形状态进行研究。结果表明:法向刚度较小时,可能造成的塌方范围大,法向刚度较大时,造成的塌方范围小;节理剪切刚度对隧道塌方范围的影响较小;节理内摩擦角变化对断层塌落体及上覆未塌落体范围的影响较小。     

常村煤矿S6-8工作面岩层运动的连续-非连续方法模拟

为了细致地模拟煤矿开采中复杂的岩层运动现象,探讨开采速度的影响,采用自主开发的连续-非连续方法,通过引入应力跌落和准静力计算模式,以常村煤矿S6-8工作面为背景建立数值模型,模拟采动诱发采场上覆岩层的变形-开裂-运动过程。结果表明:本方法可较为细致地模拟煤矿开采中一系列复杂现象,例如,采场上覆岩层的弯曲变形、下沉、开裂、离层和层间错动、直接顶的周期垮落、工作面煤壁上方岩层近似平行展布的倾斜穿层裂缝、若干破断岩块形成的近似等腰梯形结构和采空区局部闭合;开采速度越快,直接顶初次垮距越大,这是由于采场上覆岩层向下运动不充分,直接顶垮落主要受自身和开采卸荷的影响。     

秦皇岛市崩塌环境地质灾害特征及其防治对策

近年来,随着人类工程活动的加剧,秦皇岛市崩塌地质灾害频繁发生,对人民生命财产安全和生存环境造成很大威胁。秦皇岛市环境地质灾害以崩塌为主,多分布在北部低山丘陵区,具有崩塌数量多、密度高、危害大、变形模数大、规模以中小型为主、诱发因素清楚、宏观前兆明显、可预防性强的特点,地质灾害发育呈明显的季节性和地域性分布规律。针对上述特征,崩塌地质灾害的防治应采用群测群防、避让及工程治理措施。     

近水平层状砂泥岩互层边坡悬臂梁崩塌机理研究——以志丹县牛沟川河流塌岸为例

志丹县的河流岸坡常表现为坡脚泥岩凹进、 坡体砂岩凸出的悬臂梁形式,崩塌灾害时有发生.以志丹县"牛沟川河流塌岸"为对象,研究了近水平层状砂泥岩互层边坡悬臂梁崩塌的破坏机理.经现场调查,塌岸边坡破坏类型为悬臂梁式崩塌,悬臂梁危岩体的主要成因为河流的长期侧向侵蚀作用及砂泥岩互层的长期差异风化作用;在现场调查基础上,考虑自重、...     

寒区公路土质路堑边坡滑塌原因及其防治

通过对寒区路堑土质边坡滑塌现象的调查研究，提出了寒区路堑边坡滑塌的主要原因及影响因素，尤其对“水线”的概念、成因、分布特征以及对边坡稳定性的影响，进行了详细阐述。在此基础上构建了寒区路堑土质边坡稳定性的力学模型。通过对春融期处于饱和状态的不同坡度（1：1，1：1．5，1：1．75）土质路堑边坡土体稳定性进行验算，提出了宜排水固坡不宜削坡稳定的寒区路堑土质边坡稳定措施，即在边坡上挖设树型排水渗沟，采用自身具备反滤层功能的土工材料做下层排水，再利用网状土工格室上层固土并种植喜水根深的马莲草的综合边坡稳定防治技术，并在哈同公路路堑边坡滑塌地段进行了工程应用和实践，经过两个冻融循环，取得了较为理想的防治效果。     

城市化可能引起的地貌灾害及其防治

城市化可能导致流水地貌过程系统的变化,加剧水土流失和洪水威胁;还可能导致重力地貌过程系统的变化,造成土滑、滑坡和崩塌等灾害;城区地下水、地下其它液体和固体物质的开采,可能引起地面沉降或坍陷。这一切会影响自然环境与人类环境,故应采取相应的防治措施。     

A composite measure of habitat loss for entire assemblages of species

Habitat destruction is among the greatest threats facing biodiversity, and it affects common and threatened species alike. However, metrics for communicating its impacts typically overlook the nonthreatened component of assemblages. This risks the loss of habitat going unreported for species that comprise the majority of assemblages. We adapted a widely used measure for summarizing researcher output (the h index) to provide a metric that describes natural habitat loss for entire assemblages, inclusive of threatened and nonthreatened species. For each of 447 Australian native terrestrial bird species, we combined information on their association with broad vegetation groups with distributional range maps to identify the difference between the estimated pre-European and current extents of potential habitat, defined as vegetation groups most closely associated with each species. From this, we calculated the loss index (LI), which revealed that 30% of native birds have each lost at least 30% of their potential natural habitat (LI = 30). At the subcontinental scale, LIs ranged from 15 in arid Australia to 61 in the highly transformed southeastern part of the country. Different subcomponents of the assemblage had different LI values. For example, Australia's parrots (n = 52 species) had an LI of 38, whereas raptors (n = 32 species) had an LI of 25. The LI is simple to calculate and can be determined using readily available spatial information on species distributions, native vegetation associations, and human impacts on natural land cover. This metric, including the curves used to deduce it, could complement other biodiversity indices if it is used for regional and global biodiversity assessments that compare the status of natural habitat extent for assemblages within and among nations, monitor changes through time, and forecast future changes to guide strategic land-use planning. The LI is an intuitive tool that can be used to summarize and communicate how human actions affect whole assemblages, not just threatened species.     

岩溶塌陷的致塌力学模型研究——以泰安市东羊娄岩溶塌陷为例

2003年5月泰安市东羊娄村发生大型岩溶塌陷地质灾害,仅塌陷坑面积就达750m2。经调查研究,真空吸蚀致塌和重力致塌是该岩溶塌陷形成的致塌力学机制,致塌力主要为覆盖层土体自身重力和地下水快速下降过程中形成的真空负压吸蚀力。根据岩溶塌陷形成机理的分析结果,分3部分建立了岩溶塌陷的致塌力学综合模型,即基于普氏天然平衡拱理论的土洞极限平衡高度公式、基于极限平衡理论的桶状塌陷坑形成判别公式和基于莫尔-库伦强度理论的漏斗状塌坑形成判别公式,经东羊娄村岩溶塌陷后验分析,计算结果与岩溶塌陷的实际情况基本吻合。