中国大气降尘地域性分布特征研究

为了研究中国大气降尘量的地域性分布特征,探讨大气降尘的影响因素,文章以中国大气降尘研究为基础,汇总近20年25个行政区44个地区的降尘量数据,以10 t·km-2·month-1为间隔首次划分降尘区间,为中国降尘量标准的制定提供参考。中国大气降尘现有研究多集中在东北部、中东部地区以及西北沙漠地区,降尘量整体分布为北方高于南方,西部多于东部。除涉及强沙尘暴袭击区域外,现有研究区域的降尘量算术平均值为14.73 t·km-2·month-1,53.7%的研究区域降尘量小于该平均值。降尘量少于20 t·km-2·month-1的地区多集中于沿海地区、长江中下游地区以及东北平原地区,此类地区多为旅游景区和重要的商品粮产地,植被覆盖率较高,水土保持性能良好,且不易有较大的风沙侵袭;华北平原地区、内蒙古高原地区和准噶尔盆地一带降尘量相对偏高,此类区域多为重工业区,发展经济的同时造成了不同程度的环境污染和资源掠夺;降尘量最大的地区位于塔里木盆地一带,最大值为2915.96 t·km-2·month-1,属于沙尘暴多发区。大气降尘量虽会在一定程度上受到经济发展、工业布局、能源结构的影响,但更多的是因为其地域性差异而造成降尘量不同。中国现有的各地降尘量的数据较少,且研究区多位于城市等人类活动中心,更多地区的降尘量尚需要进一步研究。     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

Atmospheric gaseous organic acids in winter in a rural site of the North China Plain

Organic acids are important contributors to the acidity of atmospheric precipitation,but their existence in the Chinese atmosphere is largely unclear.In this study,twelve atmospheric gaseous organic acids,including C₁-C₉ alkanoic acids,methacrylic acid,pyruvic acid,and benzoic acid,were observed in the suburb of Wangdu,Hebei Province,a typical rural site in the northern China plain from 16^th December,2018 to 22^nd January,2019,using a Vocus@Proton-Trans...     

冬季黄东海一氧化碳的分布和海-气通量研究

为探究海洋中一氧化碳（CO）的排放对全球碳循环的意义,于2019年冬季采用顶空法对黄海和东海CO的分布和海-气通量进行了研究.结果表明,调查海域大气中CO的体积分数为239×10^-9~941×10^-9,平均值为（588±155）×10^-9.大气中CO体积分数最高值出现在北黄海近岸站位,最低值出现在东海南部,整体呈现黄海高、东海低的特点,且表现出明显的由近岸向外海降低趋势.表层海水CO浓度为0.39~2.80 nmol·L^-1,平均值为（1.23±0.45） nmol·L^-1.表层海水CO浓度高值区出现在东海东部,低值区出现在东海南部,受太阳光辐射和水团影响较大.CO的垂直分布上,浓度最大值一般出现在表层,随深度增加呈现逐渐降低的趋势.表层海水中过饱和系数α为0.99~8.67,平均值为2.61±1.42.CO海-气通量的变化范围为-0.05~41.38 nmol·m^-2·h^-1,平均值为（9.80±9.70） nmol·m^-2·h^-1.表层海水中CO浓度大多是过饱和的,表明冬季黄海和东海是其上方大气的源.这些数据对于估算全球碳排放具有重要作用.     

基于Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型的中国农业增长的演进特征

论文基于偏离-份额法的Esteban-Marquillas拓展模型,从份额分量、结构分量、净竞争分量和资源配置分量4方面系统研究了1985—2014年间中国农业生产规模及结构的演进特征。结果表明：1）研究期间,中国农业增加值呈现阶段式增长,种植业和牧业是导致农业增长的主要产业,黄淮海区和长江中下游区是全国农业增长的主要区域。2）八大粮食生产区农业产业份额分量均表现出先剧烈波动、后稳步增长的发展态势;各区域产业结构优势总体较弱且进一步下降;净竞争分量变化具有波动性,种植业、渔业促进区域农业总体竞争力的作用增强,林业和牧业的促进作用减弱;种植业和林业改善区域农业资源配置效应的作用增强,牧业和渔业则相对减弱。3）建议各区域结合产业发展优势,制定相关政策加强区域资源整合、农产品流通与技术合作,促进地区农业稳定发展。研究结果可为我国农业生产结构优化及差异化的发展策略制定提供依据。     

地下水水源地污染防治优先性研究

在总结地下水水源地污染防治相关研究的基础上,提出了地下水水源地污染防治优先性问题,并建立了优先性评价的指标体系,采用基于灰色关联度和理想解法的综合决策方法实现水源地优先性排序.利用优先控制指标以及指标与工程的对应关系,确定了各水源地工程建设的优先次序.应用案例显示,华北平原9大水源地污染防治可按I期和II期分期进行.城镇生活垃圾无害化处理率、工业固废集中处置利用率、林木覆盖率、地下水固有脆弱性4个指标,在各水源地工程建设的优先次序确定过程中出现最为频繁,体现了华北平原地下水水源地普遍存在的问题.     

Industrial land expansion in rural China threatens environmental securities

• China’s rural industrial land (RIL) area quadrupled from 1990 to 2015. • RIL expansion cost 9% of China’s crop production and threatened human/ecosystem safety. • The underprivileged population bears a disproportionally large share of the risks. China’s rural industrialization has been a major driver for its rapid economic growth during the recent decades, but its myriad environmental risks are yet to be fully understood. Based on a comprehensive national land-use data set, our study shows that the area of China’s rural industrial land (RIL) quadrupled during 1990–2015, reaching 39000 km² in 2015, comparable to urbanization in magnitude but with a much greater degree of landscape fragmentation which implies stronger ecological and environmental impacts. About 91% of the protected areas in the central China were within 50 km from rural industrial land, thus exposed to industrial disturbances. Accelerated rural industrial land expansion, particularly in regions under high geo-hazard risks, led to dramatically increased environmental risks, threatening the safety and health of both rural industrial workers and residents. Moreover, negative effects from rural industrial land expansion could partially offset the crop production growth in recent decades. The underprivileged rural population in the west bears a disproportionally large share of the increased environmental risks. China urgently needs to design and implement sustainable policies to restrict and reshape its rural industrialization. This study aims to inspire policy makers and researchers to rethink the current model of industrial expansion and improve rural industrial land planning, which is important for achieving the sustainable development goals of China.     

气温变化对华东居住建筑取暖和降温耗能的影响

利用华东446个气象站点1961-2007年日平均气温资料和RegCM3模式预估的2010-2039年日平均气温资料,分别以10 ℃和22 ℃作为取暖和降温度日的基础温度,采用度日法分析了气温变化对华东居住建筑取暖和降温耗能的影响。结果表明,1961-2007年间,整个华东取暖度日、取暖和降温总度日基本都呈减少趋势,且北部减少多于南部;降温度日在华东多数地区都呈增加趋势,以长江三角洲、浙江东部和福建东部沿海增加较多。2010-2039年间,整个华东取暖度日都将继续减少,且北部减少多于东南部;降温度日都将继续增加,且南部增加多于北部和沿海;取暖和降温总度日在华东北部呈减少趋势,而在南部呈增加趋势。过去47 a间,华东取暖度日的减少远超过降温度日的增加,气温变化总体上有利于居住建筑耗能的减少。未来30 a间,华东取暖和降温度日的变化幅度接近,气温变化对居住建筑耗能的正负影响基本相抵消。     

2011年中国钢铁行业典型有害重金属大气排放清单

根据中国钢铁工业年鉴等统计资料,采用排放因子法,对2011年我国钢铁行业生产活动导致的汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)等6种有害重金属的大气排放及其分布特征进行了研究,并给出了分省区排放清单.结果表明,2011年中国钢铁行业汞、铅、镉、砷、铬、镍大气排放量分别约为18.8, 3745.8, 39.4, 132.2, 241.2, 105.3t;钢铁行业重金属大气排放集中在环渤海经济圈以及长三角地区,其中河北东部及中南部、山东中部等钢铁冶炼企业集中地区重金属大气排放强度较大;钢铁企业内部炼钢工艺对重金属大气排放贡献率较高,其中转炉工序对砷、铅排放贡献率较大,电炉工序对于镉、镍贡献率较大.     

Whole pictures of halogenated disinfection byproducts in tap water from China’s cities

When bromide/iodide is present in source water, hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid will be formed with addition of chlorine, chloramine, or other disinfectants. Hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid undergoes reactions with natural organic matter in source water to form numerous brominated/iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, tap water samples were collected from eight cities in China. With the aid of electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry by setting precursor ion scans of m/z 35, m/z 81, and m/z 126.9, whole pictures of polar chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples were revealed for the first time. Numerous polar halogenated DBPs were detected, including haloacetic acids, newly identified halogenated phenols, and many new/unknown halogenated compounds. Total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine were also measured to indicate the total levels of all chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples. The total organic chlorine concentrations ranged from 26.8 to 194.0 μg·L^–1 as Cl, with an average of 109.2 μg·L^–1 as Cl; the total organic bromine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 113.3 μg·L^–1 as Br, with an average of 34.7 μg·L^–1 as Br; the total organic iodine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 16.4 μg·L^–1 as I, with an average of 9.1 μg·L^–1 as I; the total organic halogen concentrations ranged from 31.3 to 220.4 μg·L^–1 as Cl, with an average of 127.2 μg·L^–1 as Cl.