不同土壤类型中外源汞对白符跳（Folsomia candida）的毒性研究

参考国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的跳虫毒性测试方法 ISO11267,分析了汞(Hg)在我国9种典型土壤中对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的急性毒性及繁殖毒性。发现Hg在不同类型土壤中对白符跳的半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)变化为(0.92～1.94) mg·kg^-1,而对白符跳繁殖产生影响的半数效应浓度(EC₅₀)变化范围为(0.98～2.43) mg·kg^-1,产生10%影响的浓度(EC10)变化范围为(0.29～1.40) mg·kg^-1 。将土壤的主要理化性质(pH、OM、CEC)与Hg对白符跳的EC₅₀进行相关性回归分析,发现土壤CEC与EC₅₀呈显著正相关关系(r=0.8624,p<0.01),随着土壤CEC的增大,Hg的EC₅₀值也趋于升高。因此,土壤CEC可能是导致不同类型土壤中汞对白符跳毒性差异的主要因素。本研究结果可为制定基于我国土壤类型的生态筛选值提供基础参考数据。     

Comparative study of Chinese ecological agriculture and sustainable agriculture

Although sustainable development has already been promulgated as one of its fundamental strategies by the national government since 1993, sustainable development, as an exotic new paradigm characteristic of profound philosophical and ethical thinking initiated in developed countries, is still not familiar to the Chinese people. Fortunately, in parallel to the evolution of sustainable agriculture, mainly in developed countries, since the beginning of the 1980s, Chinese agricultural scientists and technicians have already innovated their own unique form of Chinese Ecological Agriculture (CEA), on the basis of traditional agriculture that has been sustained for more than 4000 years. The basic principle of CEA emphasizes the obeying of both ecological rules and economic rules, as well as the approach of systematics and ecological engineering exactly corresponding to those adopted by sustainable development. The major difference between the two is that CEA has already been executed on a very large scale and has served as an effective and popularized way to implement sustainable agriculture in most parts of China. Also, as an active way of intensifying agriculture in terms of more inputs of skills, knowledge and labour, CEA is contributing much to all-round rural development throughout China.     

中国资源能源稀缺度因子及其在生命周期评价中的应用

在生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)方法中,利用资源稀缺度因子,可以综合评价一个产品生命周期中总体的资源消耗水平。论文基于广泛采用的CML方法中的非生物资源消耗(Abiotic Depletion Potential, ADP)因子,通过引入中国的资源自给率修正,得出了中国非生物资源消耗因子(Chinese Abiotic Depletion Potential,CADP)及其指标。CADP因子可支持国内LCA研究和相关政策研究中的资源、能源消耗综合评价,同时也为其他国家或地区的资源评价提供了一种普遍适用的方法。案例研究表明,1 kWh电网电力的生命周期CADP指标为1.02 kg coal-R eq.,60.46%的贡献都来自于原煤资源的消耗,其次来自石油的消耗(11.63%),此外还包括基础设施建设中铜、镍等资源的消耗。     

Two-dimensional habitat modeling of Chinese sturgeon spawning sites

Since the construction of the Gezhouba Dam in the 1980s, the number of Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River has been rapidly declining. The Gezhouba Dam has cutoff the migration path of these sturgeon, resulting in an overall reduction of suitable sturgeon habitat. This paper describes a habitat suitability index model that is used to evaluate the impacts of the Gezhouba Dam and Three Gorges Project on Chinese sturgeon spawning sites. Based on research concerning the reproduction characteristics of Chinese sturgeon, ten major ecological factors that influence reproduction were analyzed, including: water temperature, velocity, water depth, substrate, suspended sediment concentration, and the amount of egg predatory fish. The suitability index (SI) curves based on these ten ecological factors were obtained, and a habitat suitability function was developed. A two-dimensional mathematical model was also created to simulate and predict physical habitat situation (such as hydraulic, sediment, and substrate) of the Chinese sturgeon. By coupling the habitat suitability function and a two-dimensional mathematical model, a habitat suitability index model for Chinese sturgeon was established. The habitat suitability index model was validated by comparing measured data with predictions from the model. These comparisons showed that the computed results agreed well with the measured results, and the high calculated habitat suitability index (HSI) corresponded to high measured quantity of eggs per unit (1000 m³) discharge (CPUE_d). The calculated habitat suitability index for Chinese sturgeon also showed that the habitat suitability index was better in 1999, before the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project, compared with the habitat suitability in 2003. Simulation results of different discharges from Gezhouba Dam predicted that flow discharges between 10,000 and 30,000 m³/s were most suitable for sturgeon spawning.     

山东地区黄土沉积特征与环境意义及其与黄土高原的对比

黄土高原与我国东部地区等地广泛分布的第四纪以来的粉尘堆积,是古气候变化的良好记录。但是,将我国黄土堆积视为一个整体、从地质历史的角度来进行区域对比和定量分析粉尘堆积的动态过程及其驱动机制的研究较少。在系统的野外调查与地层对比的基础上,对末次冰期沉积的山东庙岛群岛长岛黄土剖面与宁夏中卫冰沟黄土剖面进行了样品采集,经彻底的前处理后,采用Malvern Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪进行了粒度分析,结果表明两者在粒度特征上存在一定的相似性,但冰沟剖面粒度明显比长岛剖面粒度粗,在整个末次冰期的风成沉积中,冰沟剖面的中值粒径为48.23μm,而长岛剖面为28.36μm;冰沟剖面的砂粒的百分含量为52.34%,而长岛剖面仅为23.47%。两个剖面均记录了末次冰期可与反映全球冰量变化的SPECMAP曲线对比的阶段,尽管其反映的气候状况并不完全相同。两剖面所指示的环境意义可能也存在差异,冰沟剖面的粒度变化主要反映了古风场强度的变化和沙漠的进退,长岛剖面粒度变化除了指示古风场强度的变化信息外,还指示了粉尘源区环境的变化,在一定程度上还指示了海平面变迁的信息。     

重庆四面山杉木群落物种多样性研究

通过对重庆四面山杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林样地的调查,运用丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,分析了该地区杉木群落物种多样性特征,将该地区现存杉木群落划分为2个群系组(杉木林和杉木针阔混交林),8个群系,10个群丛。结果表明,杉木群落可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。在杉木林群系组中,丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均表现为灌木层>草本层>乔木层。在杉木针阔混交林群系组中,丰富度指数表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;多样性指数多数表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;均匀度指数变化较为复杂,没有统一规律。杉木群落各层的丰富度指数随海拔高度的升高总体上呈下降趋势。群落各层的多样性指数随海拔高度的升高在特定区间内表现出一定规律性:在海拔1180m以下低海拔区域,随海拔高度的升高呈下降趋势;在海拔1180～1351m范围内,随海拔高度的升高呈波动状态;而在海拔1351m以上高海拔区域,又呈下降趋势。群落各层的均匀度指数随海拔梯度变化较为复杂,未表现出明显规律。     

中文智能pH在线监控仪及其算法开发

介绍了中文智能ｐＨ在线监控仪的性能、工作原理，功能及软件硬件设置，分析讨论了几咱不同的控制算法。     

有机农业与中国传统农业的比较

介绍了有机农业的起源与内涵，比较了有机农业与中国传统农业的联系与区别，并提出了促进我国有机农业发展的建议     

中英文知名消防期刊研究

为了提供较为系统的中英文消防期刊信息,并参考和借鉴英文消防期刊的发展理念和经验,分类介绍了30种中英文知名消防期刊;从刊物的种类、创刊时间、刊物内容和学术性等方面对比分析了中英文消防期刊的特点;从经济社会发展和消防科学技术进步的角度研究了消防期刊发展规律;探讨了我国消防期刊发展方向。我国消防期刊主要有消防专业期刊、与消防有关的安全类期刊以及设置消防研究、消防安全等栏目的学术期刊三大类;英美消防期刊主要有学术性消防专业期刊、技术性消防专业期刊、燃烧类学术期刊、抢险救援类消防专业期刊和高风险工业消防专业期刊等类型。与英美消防期刊相比,我国消防类期刊创办较晚,种类较少,学术性和应用性仍有待于进一步提高。     

新型保水剂应用于土壤-小白菜系统的环境安全评价

保水剂作为一种抗旱节水材料,有广泛应用于农业生产的潜在价值.以基于植物萃取物合成的新型保水剂为对象,通过设置不同给水条件(超量、正常及缺水3个条件)和保水剂施用方法(底施和喷施2种方法),研究了保水剂使用对土壤水分、团粒结构、小白菜生长、土壤微生物生物量及微生物呼吸的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,保水剂的施用可显著提高土壤含水率,促进土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)的形成,有利于土壤微生物活性的提高(P<0.05).特别是在缺水条件下,保水剂对土壤环境的改善效果更为明显.此外,保水剂的使用方式是影响其节水效果的重要因素.与正常水分条件下的空白相比,在不影响小白菜产量的前提下,喷施Jaguar C(JC)可减少灌溉用水量约25%;而与缺水条件的空白相比,喷施JC处理则可提高小白菜产量2倍以上.综合以上结果表明,该类保水剂的使用对土壤生态系统有较明显的改善,是环境安全的农业节水技术.