消浪工程对太湖底泥再悬浮及营养盐释放的影响

为了解863消浪工程对太湖底泥再悬浮及营养盐释放的抑制作用,于2005年7月15～17日在工程区投放悬浮物捕获器测定沉积物的再悬浮通量,并分层采集水样进行水体营养盐浓度的垂向分布研究。16日平均风速3 m/s时,测得的再悬浮通量上层最大值为7.22 g/d·m2,下层最大值为41.8 g/d·m2;17日平均风速5 m/s时,测得的再悬浮通量上层最小值24.7 g/d·m2,下层最小值为48.4 g/d·m2,沉积物再悬浮通量与风浪扰动强度关系密切。对比消浪工程区内外沉积物的再悬浮通量表明,消浪工程能够显著减弱风浪对底泥的扰动,抑制沉积物再悬浮,减轻营养盐的内源释放通量。实验结果还表明,太湖水体悬浮物浓度越高,悬浮物的有机质含量就越低,相应地,单位悬浮物中磷的含量也越低。随着风浪扰动的持续和增强,尽管能够将更多的沉积物间隙水中的溶解性磷带入水体,但是,野外观测中发现水体溶解性的磷含量并未相应增高甚至降低,这可能是由于水体中悬浮物浓度越高,对水体溶解性磷的吸附能力也越高,从而使得水中溶解性磷的含量增高不显著甚至降低。     

爆炸波与燃烧场作用的数值研究

对二维爆炸波的运动状态进行了数值模拟,并考虑模拟爆炸波从不同方向与燃烧场的作用情况,通过对流场中压力、温度的变化情况来分析来探讨激波灭火的机理,为实验实验模拟提供了先导。同时还对爆炸波与树的相互作用情况进行了数值模拟,为今后对森林的整体建模提供参考。     

铝碳微电解法降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯

采用铝碳微电解法降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）。首先考察了初始废水pH、铝碳质量比和反应时间对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）降解率的影响,然后分别考察了超声波频率、其他金属的添加和H₂O₂加入量对铝碳微电解法降解模拟混合PAEs废水中DMP、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）的影响。实验结果表明：在初始DMP质量浓度为20 mg/L、初始废水pH为12.0、铝碳质量比为1∶1、反应时间为30 min的条件下,DMP降解率达49.94%;在上述最佳反应条件下处理DMP,DEP,DBP的质量浓度分别为20,10,8 mg/L的模拟混合PAEs废水,当超声波频率为80 kHz时,模拟混合PAEs废水中DMP,DEP,DBP的降解率分别为63.38%,32.75%,32.23%,当铝铁质量比为100∶1时,DMP,DEP,DBP的降解率分别为59.61%,37.39%,31.50%;添加铜和H₂O₂对PAEs的降解有抑制作用。     

Wave energy vs. other energy sources: A reassessment of the economics

The large scatter in the predictions of wave energy costs, which is caused in part by the simplifications assumed by existing models, is a hindrance for the development of this promising renewable. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to reassess the cost of wave energy taking into account a number of elements that are usually overlooked, or not considered simultaneously. This analysis has been performed in relation to the European context. The direct and indirect costs of a wave farm are examined, and a value for each is presented. The levelized cost (€/MWh) of wave energy is then calculated for different scenarios in order to compare the profitability of wave energy with that of other energy sources. After that, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to identify the main parameters affecting the total cost, considering in particular the effect on the levelized cost of considering: (i) the cost reductions arising from economies of scale and technological effects; (ii) an O&M cost variable throughout the useful life of the farm; and (iii) the externalities. In sum, this work sets the basis for a thorough economic comparison of wave energy with other sources of energy.     

中短波广播发射台电磁辐射环境影响预测模型

为预测中短波广播发射台的电磁辐射环境影响,根据国家相关电磁辐射标准,研究和分析了中短波广播发射台电磁辐射环境影响理论预测模型,编辑了中短波发射台电磁辐射环境影响计算分析程序,验证发现实际监测符合理论预测.实例计算了中短波发射台周围的电磁辐射影响,表明程序的计算结果可用于指导中短波发射台周围的建设.     

Application of a novel cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction for analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil

A novel and simple analytical procedure using cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction (CACF-SPME) was applied to determine organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in soil samples. The pesticides in this study consist of α -, β -, γ -, and δ -hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). By heating the sample while cooling the fiber, the developed method not only provides better performance in terms of sensitivity, linearity and recovery but also offers shorter adsorption procedure than that of traditional headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The experimental conditions such as the amount of water, adsorption time and adsorption temperature were optimized. Matrix effects were investigated with different types of soils. We concluded that using the standard addition method was required for quantification purposes. The limits of detection obtained using the proposed method range from 0.01 to 0.05 ng/g, and the recoveries for CACF-SPME are in the range of 80.01% to 89.68% with relative standard deviation (RSDs) better than 8.60%. The proposed method was further applied to determine OCs in real agricultural soil. The results are in good agreement with those obtained using traditional ultrasonic extraction. The research demonstrates the suitability of the CACF-SPME for the analysis of OCs in soil.     

超声波-TiO_2光催化联合处理垃圾渗滤液

采用超声波强化TiO2光催化技术处理垃圾渗滤液。研究了TiO2催化剂用量、光照作用、超声波作用、pH值、曝气作用等因素对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,在TiO2粉末的投加量为2 g/L、pH值为11时,先采用功率为292.5 W的超声波辐射3 min,再以高压汞灯(250 W)照射3 min,垃圾渗滤液中的COD和NH3-N去除率分别达到50.1%和75%。若在同一条件下进行饱和曝气可以使NH3-N去除率进一步达到85.3%,但会降低COD的去除率。     

超声波防治海生物的技术分析与应用

文章阐述了海生物附着生长的机理以及传统海生物防治的方法。针对传统海生物防治方法存在的不足之处,提出超声波防治海生物技术,分析了超声波振动性质和空化效应防治海生物的原理及现场应用情况,并确定出有效防治海生物的超声波频率为22kHz,强度为0.3～0.5 W/cm2;通过现场实际应用,充分证明了超声波能够有效抑制海生物的附着和生长,保护海水管线及相关设备,体现了超声波技术在海生物防治方面具有环保、节能、易于维护等优点。     

电解锰渣二次提取锰和氨氮的研究

锰渣处理是电解锰行业的一个重大环境问题.为了实现锰渣无害化处理和资源化利用,用蒸馏水和阳极液作提取剂,对从锰渣中二次提取锰和氨氮进行了研究.考察了液固比、提取剂种类、提取时间、提取温度、超声波作用对锰、氨氮提取效果的影响,且对提取前后的锰渣成分进行了检测与表征.研究结果表明:阳极液对锰的提取效果明显优于蒸馏水,而蒸馏水...     

1999年我国主要气象灾害及异常气候事件

１９９９年,我国先后出现了干旱、暴雨洪涝、台风、风雹、沙尘暴、雪灾和冻害等多种气象灾害,特别是干旱持续时间长、范围广,旱情重。除上述气象灾害外,本年度还出现了冬暖,夏凉、春寒、倒春寒、夏季高温和秋老虎等异常气候事件,本文主要是几种主要气旬灾害和异常气候事件的发生特点和影响进行了分析和评述。