不同人工措施对沙质荒漠生态恢复与重建初期效应的影响

机械措施与生物措施相结合是流沙治理行之有效的重要途径和方法。通过对4种不同人工措施干预治理流动沙地后其生态恢复初期(前3年)植被、土壤理化性质和水分动态变化进行了观测研究,并以流沙区为对照进行了对比分析。结果表明:沙质荒漠生态系统恢复变化首先始于各种机械措施所建立的稳定地面的形成,为天然植物的迅速增殖和侵入、人工固沙植物的介入、枯枝落叶的储存及流沙成土过程提供了必要的环境条件。枯枝落叶层的形成又为土壤-植物系统物质交换建立了介面,促进了流沙的成土过程。不同人工措施治理区0～200cm土壤平均含水量与流沙区土壤含水量相比差异不显著,说明土壤水分仍能保持流动沙地原有的水分平衡状态。但随着天然植被的恢复与人工固沙林生长,其对土壤水分的影响深度由干预前的40cm加深至第三年的160cm。系统内植物恢复与流沙成土过程的前期效果表明,草沙障或土沙障 固沙林措施优于塑料沙障 人工沙蒿和封育治理措施,是流动沙地得以快速治理的有效方法。从植被群落结构的变化看,人工植被在建立后第三年其生态功能才开始初见成效。     

环境风险评价中有毒物质泄漏预测结果的应用

在常温下呈气态的有毒有害物质可能发生泄漏事故的环境风险评价中,其预测结果的应用可引入有毒有害物质的毒理学资料,确立对预测结果适合的评估指标,对泄漏事故影响范围内的危害程度进一步分级明确,有针对性地提出合理可行的应急减缓措施,为项目的风险管理工作提供了科学的依据.     

Assessing biological variation from the perspective of diversity

Particularly in ecological and evolutionary genetics, methods of discerning complex traits are improving at a considerable rate. As a consequence, the resolution of intrinsically qualitative traits such as species affiliation or genetic type is increasing to degrees that blur their distinction from continuously varying characteristics. The common notion of diversity, however, relies on distinct features such as the states of qualitative traits, and it aims to assess variation as a counting of these features or types. This situation brings up the question of whether and how the diversity perspective of variation can be broadened to cover higher levels of complexity without sacrificing its concept. The present paper suggests two approaches that refer to established criteria for measures of diversity and that complement each other. The partitions approach treats complexity through general measures of difference between trait states, and the relations approach rests on general binary relations that capture structural aspects of diversity. Both approaches are shown to consistently imply effective numbers of types even in cases where distinct types are not explicitly specified. Practically all of the common methods of measuring diversity can be classified into either of the two approaches, and new opportunities for analyses of the diversity of complex traits are provided. The latter analyses include those of diversity in subdivided collections. Other perspectives of variation (such as dispersion, variances, etc.) are discussed and analyzed for their distinction from the diversity perspective. In many cases, the distinction can be made apparent with the help of diversity portraits.     

低温乙烯储存过程风险评价及其缓解对策

为加强危险化学品储存的环境安全性,在深入调研危化品储存环节主要风险的基础上建立评价指标体系,采用层次分析法与模糊综合评价法相结合的风险评估模型对低温乙烯罐储存过程进行风险评估,并提出可行的控制措施。研究结果表明,储罐环境安全处于安全级内;针对低温乙烯罐存在的风险建立EHS一体化管理模式,建立全厂应急预案及一系列的风险预防措施,以缓解其储存过程的风险。     

分散土工程破坏机理与治理研究现状

分散土工程破坏一直广泛存在,针对分散土工程破坏的机理研究仅仅停留在分散土本身的分散机理研究上;因自然环境因素对分散土工程破坏的影响机理和治理措施研究明显不足。本文总结阐述了国内外分散土工程破坏4种不同特征形态,并对4种破坏形态进行机理分析。对当前分散土工程改性和破坏治理现状进行了讨论,指出分散土改性和治理所面对的问题与挑战,为工程建设提供一定参考。     

Effects of speed humps on vehicle speed and pedestrian crashes in South Korea

Introduction: Speeding is a crucial risk factor for pedestrian safety because it shortens reaction time while increasing the impact force in collisions. Various types of traffic calming measures to prevent speeding have been devised. A speed hump—a raised bump installed in the pavement—has been widely used for this purpose. Method: To evaluate the effectiveness of speed humps, the speed profiles of vehicles passing speed humps were analyzed along with pedestrian crash records near speed humps. Results: The speed profiles showed that vehicles gradually diminished their speeds starting 30 m ahead of speed humps and, immediately after passing the humps, accelerated to regain their original speeds within a distance of 30 m. This speed reduction effect is substantial on both local and major roads: 18.4% and 24.0% reduction in speeds, respectively. The analysis of pedestrian crash records revealed that, inside the zones of speed reduction effect near speed humps (i.e., ±30 m from speed humps), fewer pedestrian crashes per roadway distance occurred and pedestrian injuries were less severe, compared with events outside the effect zones. This safety improvement was greater on major roads than local roads. Practical Applications: This work finds that the speed reductions that occurred near speed humps were gradual and influential ±30 m from their locations, suggesting that the hump installations should be close enough to the pedestrian crossings. It is noteworthy that, albeit that speed humps are more prevalent on local roads, the benefits of speed reduction effects from speed humps were more pronounced on major roads than on local roads. Therefore, speed humps on major roads can be considered a more effective measure for pedestrian safety.     

Climate Change and Agricultural Development: Adapting Polish Agriculture to Reduce Future Nutrient Loads in a Coastal Watershed

Currently, there is a major concern about the future of nutrient loads discharged into the Baltic Sea from Polish rivers because they are main contributors to its eutrophication. To date, no watershed-scale studies have properly addressed this issue. This paper fills this gap by using a scenario-modeling framework applied in the Reda watershed, a small (482 km²) agricultural coastal area in northern Poland. We used the SWAT model to quantify the effects of future climate, land cover, and management changes under multiple scenarios up to the 2050s. The combined effect of climate and land use change on N-NO₃ and P-PO₄ loads is an increase by 20–60 and 24–31 %, respectively, depending on the intensity of future agricultural usage. Using a scenario that assumes a major shift toward a more intensive agriculture following the Danish model would bring significantly higher crop yields but cause a great deterioration of water quality. Using vegetative cover in winter and spring (VC) would be a very efficient way to reduce future P-PO₄ loads so that they are lower than levels observed at present. However, even the best combination of measures (VC, buffer zones, reduced fertilization, and constructed wetlands) would not help to remediate heavily increased N-NO₃ loads due to climate change and agricultural intensification.     

基于灰色预测法的空气污染来源及控制对策分析

以2005年~2012年三明市公布的环境空气质量指数为基础,用2005年~2010年的环境空气质量指数数据以改进的灰色预测方法来构建模型。通过对预测值与实际值出现较大差异的地方进行比较和分析,表明大型城建项目、机动车辆爆炸性增长对三明市区的环境空气质量有较大影响。因此针对相应的污染机制和源头提出整治措施,为三明市下一步的环境治理规划的制定提供指导和依据。     

江苏省泰兴市雾霾气候特征、成因及控制措施

随着经济社会发展和城市化进程的加快,灰霾天气已成为一种常见环境灾害污染事件,低能见度雾霾天气现象更加引起人们重视。本文通过对雾霾天气造成的影响,研究了灰霾天气形成原因、影响因素与存在危害。探讨了灰霆天气控制措施、监测方法与治理对策。     

黄土高原地区生态灾害类型与减灾对策

本文根据黄土高原地区的生态特点,分析了存在的主要生态灾害类型,对生态灾害的减免提出了具体对策。