城市排水有限空间爆炸性气体产生机理与防治对策

易燃性气体爆炸是城市排水系统时有发生的一类有限空间事故,而人们通常更多的只关注有限空间中毒窒息事故,对该类事故关注度不够。通过分析城市排水系统涉及的有限空间和易于产生的爆炸性气体种类与危害性,阐述了防范该类事故的必要性和意义。同时,通过将沼气发酵机理与城市排水系统有限空间易于具备的条件进行对比,说明了城市排水系统有限空间爆炸性气体产生的过程与机理以及爆炸产生的危害。最后针对城市排水的特点与爆炸性气体的产生过程与机理,提出了相应的防治对策,为有效控制和减少该类事故的发生提供了技术支持。     

Systematic Conservation Planning and the Cost of Tackling Conservation Conflicts with Large Carnivores in Italy

Abstract:  Conservation in Europe (including the establishment of protected areas) is undertaken mainly through legislation and on densely populated private land. Consequently, conflicts of interest arise between human economic activities and biodiversity conservation. We used a systematic approach to conservation planning to explore different conservation scenarios for the Apennine populations of wolves (Canis lupus) and bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) in Italy. The conservation measures we considered were electrified fences and guard dogs to prevent wolves and bears from preying on sheep. We used habitat suitability models of the two species as an estimate of their distributions. Across the study area, we estimated the potential intensity of conflict caused by predation on sheep and the cost of the antipredator measures. We examined scenarios for the conservation of wolves and bears that identified systems of sites where antipredator measures should be applied to either minimize the economic cost of the plan or tackle a predetermined amount of conflict. The overall cost of the conservation plans ranged between €1,486,000 and €16,876,000, depending on the scenario and on the size of the conservation target. Because potential conflict intensity (i.e., potential predation) and cost of conflict resolution were correlated, the scenarios that minimized cost also minimized the amount of conflict that was addressed. Conserving these two species by addressing their predation on sheep was up to 4.36 times more expensive than conserving them by providing suitable habitat in areas of low conflict. Yet avoiding conflicts is not always desirable because it can drastically reduce the options for conservation. Choosing a conservation plan requires consideration of the level of threat to the target species and their sensitivity to conflicts.     

浅析我国青少年犯罪的原因及对策

进入新世纪后,我国青少年犯罪出现许多新情况,表现出许多新的特点,究其原因不外乎两个方面:一是客观原因,二是主观原因,因此为了减少和遏止青少年犯罪,必须采取对策进行有效的预防和治理.     

黄山贫困山区资源特点与治贫开发对策

黄山是我国十大风景名胜区之一，但全区经济发展水平十分落后，属安徽省贫困地区之一。本文对黄山贫困山区的资源特点与存在问题进行了综合分析，指出了本区贫困落后的主要原因，并就治贫开发提出了相应对策。     

东川市生态环境现状及其改善对策

东川是我国铜矿主产地，又是泥石流灾害多发区。由于特殊地质－地貌背景和近期人类经济－工程活动，这一区域土地沙石化进程在加剧，环境质量在下降。通过实际调查并运用生态经济学原理，系统地分析了生态环境现状，提出了保护和改善环境的对策。     

甲醇装置污染源现状分析及控制对策

对甲醇装置“三废”及噪声污染源现状进行调查和分析，提出并采取了相应的控制对策。对目前存在的环保问题，提出了改进措施。     

Injury prevention in natural disasters. A theoretical framework

A theoretical framework for conceptualizing injury patterns in natural disasters is described. In this conceptual framework, natural disasters are divided chronologically into predisaster, disaster and postdisaster phases. Within each phase, four factors (human, engineering/technological, physical environmental and socioeconomic) are identified that play an important role in the causation of injury. By combining these phases and factors into a three by four matrix, one may begin to identify points in the natural history or evolution of a disaster that may be amenable to therapeutic or preventive intervention. The application of this proposed three-phase matrix model to a disaster will permit researchers to reduce a large, complex problem into more manageable, conceptually simpler parts. It may also be of value to disaster planners by suggesting preventive and mitigation measures, as well as aiding in the setting of priorities so that scarce resources can be allocated to achieve maximum reduction of injuries.     

甘肃窑街煤矿二氧化碳突出及防治

本文对甘肃窑街煤矿特大型二氧化碳突出的特征、地质构造背景及防治工作进行了研究。研究结果表明突出气体是煤系自燃热解所生成,根据对方解石脉进行裂变径迹测年和气体的氩同位素研究,表明气体形成于晚第三纪至早更新世;突出区大量CO_2气主要受断裂构造与强应力场控制而蕴藏在厚煤层中。 打前探孔、震动放炮、抽放卸压等措施对于防治突出,减少损失具有积极的作用,而厚煤层中的断裂带部位是最危险的区段,应重点防范。     

长江中上游川鄂湘三省玉米资源及生产发展方向

论述四川、湖北、湖南三省发展玉米生产的重要性，分析玉米资源分布、生产状况和生产特点。指出玉米合理布局的方向。是以集中产区为重点，建设玉米生产专业化区域化区、并以建立商品基地县作为突破口，同时，挖掘一般产区的生产潜力，开展新区。提出依靠科学技术的进步发展玉米生产。在玉米生产基地，建立玉（米）工商经济环流体系，发展饲料、饲养、畜产品加工一条龙联合企业。     

鹤壁市大气挥发性有机物源排放清单研究

采用排放系数法与“自下而上”的活动水平数据收集方法,建立了鹤壁市化石燃料固定燃烧源、工艺过程源、溶剂使用源、储存运输源、废弃物处理源等固定源、移动源、餐饮油烟和生物质燃烧等面源的VOCs排放清单.结果表明：鹤壁市2017年VOCs排放总量为8829.7t.其中,工艺过程源排放量最大（3052.5t）,占VOCs总排放量的32%;其次是移动源（2712.8t）和溶剂使用源（1447.1t）,分别占总排放量的29%和15%;从空间分布看,浚县的VOCs排放量最大（3444.0t）,其次为淇滨区（1519.4t）、山城区（1516.0t）、淇县（1103.8t）和鹤山区（1041.9t）;其中,机动车（1932.0t）、建材冶金（903.6t）、化学制品制造（829.6t）、橡塑（646.8t）等VOCs排放量较大.对比河南省省会郑州市、同为煤炭资源型城市焦作市,鹤壁市的VOCs排放总量是郑州市的1/11,焦作市的1/3.但鹤壁市单位面积的VOCs排放量较大,是郑州市的1/3,焦作市的1/2,且鹤壁市单位GDP的VOCs排放量与郑州市和焦作市非常接近.说明鹤壁市VOCs排放总量低,但排放强度较高,仍需要加大减排力度.根据本清单的研究结果,建议鹤壁市可着重加强工艺过程源和移动源的减排,重点减排区域为浚县、鹤山区和淇滨区的交汇地带,重点减排机动车、建材冶金、化学制品制造等;此外,还应关注橡塑、餐饮油烟、工业生物质锅炉等行业的VOCs排放.