煤壁应力峰值动态移动诱发封孔漏气机理研究

基于有效应力原理分析了煤体吸附瓦斯对煤体强度的影响,提出应用煤体单轴抗压强度衰减比k_σ表征瓦斯压力变化对煤体强度的影响;应用数值分析方法研究了煤体瓦斯抽采前后煤壁前方煤体应力、屈服破坏范围的变化。结果表明,抽采期间,煤壁前方煤体应力峰值处于"动态移动"状态,致使煤壁前方的屈服破坏区间同时发生移动,水泥封孔段由受压转为应力卸载状态而发生膨胀破坏,在封孔段水泥与煤壁之间形成松动漏气通道,孔外空气将沿该漏气通道进入孔内,使抽采浓度降低。为提高带压封孔方法的封孔效果,应科学判定抽采前期煤体应力峰值区间,并考虑抽采期间煤体"应力峰值移动"的影响,在应力峰值区间适当向两侧延伸封孔段长度,注重封孔器材和封孔材料的研制和选择。     

基于Fluent强震区王家沟泥石流运动特征研究

为研究泥石流的运动特征,该文首次引入计算流体动力学软件Fluent,模拟研究泥石流在流通区和堆积区的运动状态及流体的液面范围.现场调查清水乡王家沟泥石流的基本特征,分析该泥石流的致灾因素.通过无人机拍摄获取流域DEM图,利用ArcGis、Mapgis、Auto CAD、Ansys等软件建立计算模型,将现场调查得到的泥石...     

内蒙古农业灌区水循环特征及对土壤水运移影响的分析

针对引黄灌区所面临的水资源问题及灌溉引起的环境问题,以内蒙古河套灌区为研究对象,从灌溉引水、用水、排水之间的转化关系为切入点,以地表水、土壤水和地下水之间的水量平衡理论为基础,定量研究了河套灌区在人类影响条件下的水循环特征.结果表明:灌区内的水循环过程为灌溉(降雨)-下渗-潜水蒸发类型,降水的影响较小,以灌溉水的垂向入渗和潜水的蒸发蒸腾消耗为主,地下水消耗量大于补给量,地下水位呈逐年下降趋势.通过HYDRUS模型模拟计算了河套灌区不同灌溉时期(作物生长期和秋浇期)葵花根层(0～40cm)土壤水的动态规律.结果表明,灌区葵花土壤的水含量在生长期呈下降趋势;在秋浇期呈上升趋势.土壤水渗漏动态与灌溉或降雨关系密切,生育期、秋浇期土壤水渗漏量分别与相应时期的灌水量显著相关.     

沉水植被降低水体浊度的机理研究

水体浊度的变化影响着水生态系统的健康,而沉水植被对降低水体浊度具有显著效果. 为明确沉水植物对泥沙的作用机理,以苦草为试验用草,开展室内水槽试验. 结果表明,苦草斑块降低了水流的输沙能力,根据试验资料估算,斑块区水流的输沙能力仅约为无草时的10%. 利用象限分析法分析了实测的紊动流场,解释了植物对泥沙作用的物理过程. 在苦草斑块区,植物冠顶以下区域(相对高度小于1.00)为下扫流态,紊动漩涡形成的下扫流将泥沙带入水底,而近底层的喷射流抵消了下扫流的能量,抑制下扫流对泥沙的冲击起动,并使下扫流挟带的泥沙顺利淤积;在植物冠顶以上区域除高密度(172株/m2)工况为下扫流态外,中、低密度(86、43株/m2)工况均为喷射流态,不利于泥沙沉降. 由于泥沙主要存在于下层水体,因此沉水植被有利于减小水体浊度.      

深埋地铁防排烟设计研究

地铁深埋敷设减少了对路面交通、高层建筑的影响，减少了房屋拆迁量，改善区间施工条件，但同时也对地铁站点的通风、排烟设计的安全性提出了更高的要求。文章结合广州市地铁6号线线路深埋敷设条件，对多层结构深埋车站的通风排烟系统设计进行了探讨，同时采用火灾动力学模型分别对深埋车站站台火灾、列车火灾进行了数值模拟，进而验证了防排烟设计的有效性。研究表明，深埋车站排烟系统的设计方案可以在扶梯开口处形成至少1．5m／s的向下流速；发生站台行李火灾和车站列车火灾时，排烟系统可以有效地控制烟气不向站厅蔓延，确保火灾时的站台层以上区域为无烟区和安全区；疏散楼梯间可保持微正压和无烟气进入；深埋车站排烟系统可以保证火灾时的人员可用安全疏散时间ASET大于6分钟。文章结论可为国内外类似深埋车站排烟系统提供参考。     

Evaluating multispecies landscape connectivity in a threatened tropical mammal community

Habitat corridors are important tools for maintaining connectivity in increasingly fragmented landscapes, but generally they have been considered in single‐species approaches. Corridors intended to facilitate the movement of multiple species could increase persistence of entire communities, but at the likely cost of being less efficient for any given species than a corridor intended specifically for that species. There have been few tests of the trade‐offs between single‐ and multispecies corridor approaches. We assessed single‐species and multispecies habitat corridors for 5 threatened mammal species in tropical forests of Borneo. We generated maps of the cost of movement across the landscape for each species based on the species’ local abundance as estimated through hierarchical modeling of camera‐trap data with biophysical and anthropogenic covariates. Elevation influenced local abundance of banded civets (Hemigalus derbyanus) and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Increased road density was associated with lower local abundance of Sunda clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi) and higher local abundance of sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). Pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) local abundance was lower in recently logged areas. An all‐species‐combined connectivity scenario with least‐cost paths and 1 km buffers generated total movement costs that were 27% and 23% higher for banded civets and clouded leopards, respectively, than the connectivity scenarios for those species individually. A carnivore multispecies connectivity scenario, however, increased movement cost by 2% for banded civets and clouded leopards. Likewise, an herbivore multispecies scenario provided more effective connectivity than the all‐species‐combined scenario for sambar and macaques. We suggest that multispecies habitat connectivity plans be tailored to groups of ecologically similar, disturbance‐sensitive species to maximize their effectiveness. Evaluación de la Conectividad de Terrenos Multiespecie en una Comunidad Tropical de Mamíferos     

Minimum area requirements for an at‐risk butterfly based on movement and demography

Determining the minimum area required to sustain populations has a long history in theoretical and conservation biology. Correlative approaches are often used to estimate minimum area requirements (MARs) based on relationships between area and the population size required for persistence or between species’ traits and distribution patterns across landscapes. Mechanistic approaches to estimating MAR facilitate prediction across space and time but are few. We used a mechanistic MAR model to determine the critical minimum patch size (CMP) for the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas phaeton), a locally abundant species in decline along its southern range, and sister to several federally listed species. Our CMP is based on principles of diffusion, where individuals in smaller patches encounter edges and leave with higher probability than those in larger patches, potentially before reproducing. We estimated a CMP for the Baltimore checkerspot of 0.7–1.5 ha, in accordance with trait‐based MAR estimates. The diffusion rate on which we based this CMP was broadly similar when estimated at the landscape scale (comparing flight path vs. capture‐mark‐recapture data), and the estimated population growth rate was consistent with observed site trends. Our mechanistic approach to estimating MAR is appropriate for species whose movement follows a correlated random walk and may be useful where landscape‐scale distributions are difficult to assess, but demographic and movement data are obtainable from a single site or the literature. Just as simple estimates of lambda are often used to assess population viability, the principles of diffusion and CMP could provide a starting place for estimating MAR for conservation.     

大型水体下顶水安全开采的可行性研究

在大型水体下顶水采煤,一方面要确保煤矿井下安全生产,同时要保护地表水资源不被破坏。基于峰峰矿区小屯矿的地质采矿条件,在分析与评价上覆岩层结构的基础上,选取水体下11个计算特征点,探讨上覆岩层破坏高度、防水安全煤岩柱及安全煤岩柱最小富余尺寸,绘制各类等值线图。采用概率积分法,从下沉、倾斜、水平变形和裂缝深度等方面,研究分析顶水开采后水体底部所受的采动影响。结果表明,在特定的地质采矿条件下,各工作面开采以后,上覆岩层中导水裂隙带发育的最大标高与基岩顶部之间具有较厚的岩柱,导水裂隙带不会波及到地表水体,水体底部的地表移动变形较小,不会影响到矿井安全生产,在大型水体下顶水采煤是安全可行的。     

海底隧道入口段驾驶员眼动特征分析*

为研究海底隧道入口段驾驶员眼动特征,以海底隧道收费站至入口为研究对象,运用Facelab5.0眼动仪和录像机等设备,采集真实状态下驾驶员眼动特征、行车速度和行车位置数据,并依据道路线形、车辆行车特征和路段标志标线设置,将收费站至入口划分为提速驶离段、换道减速段、缓和段和过渡段（入口段）,分析各区段驾驶员眼动特征及车速变化规律,并建立相应数学模型。研究结果表明:驾驶员驾车通过换道减速段和过渡段时,分别受交织车流与黑洞效应影响,行车速度减小、眼睑闭合度下降、眨眼频率增大;驾驶员行经入口段,车速呈上升-下降-上升-下降的趋势,眼睑闭合度呈增大-减小-增大-减小的趋势,眨眼频率呈减小-增大-减小-增大的趋势,且受交织车流与黑洞效应的影响显著。     

汶川地震高速远程滑坡速度研究

汶川地震诱发了大量的高速远程滑坡.在超强的地震动作用下,坡体结构被撕裂并抛射后,受到坡体前缘地形及自身势能的影响,很容易转化为碎屑流作远程运动,这种高位滑坡以其很快的运动速度和超常的运动距离造成了巨大的灾害与损失.本文在对汶川地震大型典型高速远程滑坡大量现场调查的基础上,分析了坡体临空飞行运动初始速度、滑程运动最大速度...