环境风对高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气运动特性的影响

环境风会影响高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气的运动特性.以广州市某地真实高层建筑楼梯井为原型,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,利用火灾动力学仿真软件FDS建立该16层高层建筑楼梯井全尺寸FDS数值模型,对环境风作用下高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气运动规律展开数值模拟研究,分析不同窗户开合状态、不同风向和不同风速条件下环境风对高层...     

Adsorption and movement of carbaryl in soils: A verification of cosolvent theory and comparison of batch equilibrium and soil thin layer chromatography results

Batch equilibrium and soil thin layer chromatography (TLC) techniques were used to investigate the influence of different volume fractions of organic cosolvents (acetone and methanol) on the adsorption and movement of carbaryl in four different types of Indian soils. L-shaped isotherms were obtained for both the cosolvent–water mixtures at all f _s values and were in close agreement with the Freundlich equation. Higher adsorption was observed on F.R.I. soil (FSL) followed by Alampur soil (ASL), Kalai soil (KL), and Bhoran soil (BSL) at all f _s values for both the cosolvent systems as was anticipated from the K and K _D values. The K and K _D values also confirmed that carbaryl adsorption was higher in methanol–water mixture than acetone–water mixture and decreased with increasing f _s values. The frontal R _f values obtained from soil TLC studies were inversely proportional to the K and K _D values for both the cosolvent systems. The higher K and K _D values and lower R _f values in methanol–water mixtures relative to acetone–water mixtures for all the soils indicated that acetone had a greater potential for ground water contamination compared to methanol. The adsorption data were used to evaluate the cosolvent theory for describing adsorption of carbaryl in acetone–water and methanol–water mixtures. The aqueous phase partition coefficients, K _DW (mol g^?1), normalized with respect to f _oc for carbaryl was evaluated by extrapolating f _s → 0.     

潜叶虫潜道图像分析

为通过潜叶虫潜食叶片所留下的潜道分析其分类、行为和生态,应用Getdata图形数字化软件和R语言,提取线形潜道的数字化图像,并获得各种图像形状参数,如平均转角、转角集中度、分维D、直线度ST、蜿蜒度SN等.结果发现:大多数潜道的平均转角较小(不超过±25.0°),转角集中度较高(>0.600),说明潜食方向大多保持为前进方向;多数潜道的ST在0.010到0.300之间,数值极小,而SN一般都超过0.600,表明多数潜叶昆虫潜道的蜿蜒程度非常大;米楮上两种潜叶蛾的潜道形状参数如D和ST存在显著差异.     

三峡库区淹没区土壤重金属形态分布及其对水质影响

结合三峡水库调度模式,在汛期及汛后对库区淹没区土壤中重金属Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr的存在形态、迁移转化特征及其对水体水质的影响进行研究.结果表明:不同重金属在库区土壤中存在形态不同,Cu和Cr主要以残渣态存在,w(残渣态Cu)和w(残渣态Cr)平均值为87.41%和96.04%,而w(可提取态Pb)和w(可提取态Cd)较高,平均值为41.95%和88.14%,生态风险相对高于Cu和Cr.在汛期三峡水库低水位运行,水体重金属含量较高,汛期水体ρ(Pb)和ρ(Cd)分布特征与土壤w(Pb)和w(Cd)分布呈显著相关性,而汛后水库首次172 m高水位蓄水,由于水环境因素的改变,水体中重金属含量显著降低,汛后淹没土壤重金属形态含量变化细微,土壤淹没对库区水体水质影响小,不构成汛期、汛后水体重金属含量波动的主因.      

Modeling high-frequency position data of large herbivores with a phase-state model

Understanding the rules and factors that drive the foraging behavior of large herbivores is important to describe their interaction with the landscape at various spatial scales. Some unresolved questions refer to landscape-behavioral interactions that result in oriented or random search in seasonally changing landscapes. Remotely sensed position data indicate that herbivores select local patches of heterogeneous landscapes depending on a complex host of dynamically varying animal and environmental conditions. Since foraging paths consist in successions of relatively short steps, increasing the frequency at which position information is acquired would contribute to entangle the mechanisms resulting in herbivores’ foraging paths. We addressed the question whether herbivores would obtain information at a patch scale that would modify their distribution at a landscape scale based on directed movement or navigation ability. We considered a set of 100,000 high-frequency (1 min intervals) position data of several free-ranging sheep (Ovis aries) at a seasonal-varying range (Patagonian Monte, Argentina) and observed their movements at landscape and at single vegetation patch scales. At a landscape scale, we inspected the spatial co-variation of seasonally varying forage offer and ewes’ movement speeds. At a patch scale, we developed a phase-state (P-S) model of movement cycles based on the occurrence of behavioral phases along foraging paths, and fitted it to the observed daily time series of ewes’ movement speeds. Ewes were preferentially distributed in areas with high forage offer during periods of low forage availability and the reverse occurred during the season of high forage availability. Parameters of the model of activity cycles amenable to control by ewes (duration of speed phases, time elapsed between speed cycles) did not covariate with forage offer, but varied significantly among ewes. The shape (kurtosis) parameter of the model of movement cycles, one which is unlikely under ewes’ control, co-varied significantly with spatial forage offer but did not differ among ewes. We conclude that ewes allocated foraging time along a series of similar movement efforts irrespective of forage availability at small patches. Average forage scarcity at multi-patch level increases the ratio of searching to feeding time. This results in apparent selective time allocation to richer forage areas but does not imply evidence for oriented movement at a landscape scale. We advance a behavioral-based definition of forage patches and discuss its implications in developing foraging theory and models. The P-S model applied to high-frequency position data of large herbivores substantially improves the interpretation of the factors controlling their time allocation in space with respect to previous models of herbivore spatial behavior by discriminating among behavioral-based and environmentally induced components of their movements.     

Differences in Eye and Hand Movements of Novice and Experienced Press Operators

Presses are very widely used in industrial and commercial companies and are often the source of serious accidents occurring during operation. Most of the accidents are due to inadequate training of novice operators. Continuous recordings of eye and hand movements of five novice operators and five experienced operators in press operation were made. Significant difference between novice and experienced operators was observed in eye fixation time, eye movement patterns, hand dwell time, and eye-hand coordination. Also, differences were observed in spatial distribution of eye fixations during the die-closing portion of a stroke. There were no significant differences between novice and experienced operators in the eye and the hand movement time. The results could be used as basic data to establish a guide determining the method and training period to train novice operators.     

Overcoming Environmental Challenges by Antagonizing Environmental Protesters: The Turkish Government Discourse against Anti-hydroelectric Power Plants Movements

Due to the growing public importance of environmental concerns in the contemporary world, governments that prioritize economic interests over environmental concerns may try to counter environmental challenges not by openly declaring that they do not want to consider environmental demands, but by attempting to antagonize the protesters who voice such demands. This essay explores such a governmental response by analyzing the discourse articulated by the Turkish Government against movements that oppose the construction of hydroelectric power plants (HEPPs) on environmental grounds. In particular, the analysis focuses on how HEPPs, environmental claims and demands of movements, and environmental protesters are represented within the pro-HEPP discourse, and in what ways these representations appeal to popular perceptions. It is demonstrated that the discourse of the government attempts to counter the challenges of protesters by establishing an antagonist relation between the protesters and society by representing HEPPs as crucial for the economic development and, therefore, as compatible with the interests of society as a whole. Moreover, it also attempts to achieve this through portraying the protesters as criminals and terrorists who block the economic development of the country and pose significant threats to the commonwealth, not for legitimate environmental concerns but for some dubious motives and incentives. It is concluded that, with this approach, the government has managed to gain popular consent not only for the construction of HEPPs, but also for the repression of such movements.     

多学科交叉的危化品运输安全保障技术及动态演示

针对我国危化品运输事故多发,运输安全形势依然严峻的现状,依托多学科交叉的教学改革和科技计划项目研究,以"不倾翻、泄漏收集、全方位监控"为技术目标,从事故防控和过程监控两个方面出发,介绍了危化品运输安全智能化管控的四大关键技术,即重点区域车路协同监控技术、车辆识别跟踪及安全预警技术、侧翻事故主动防控技术和泄漏事故主动防控技术,并以宁波石化基地为工程背景,借助区域动态场景沙盘对涉及交通工程、信息工程、车辆工程、消防救灾等多学科知识领域的关键技术进行了集成应用示范。结果表明:四大关键技术的应用有助于提升危化品公路运输安全的保障性,可支撑国家公共安全风险防控的重大战略需求。     

模拟SPO情境中的飞行员脑力负荷测量与分析*

为探究单一飞行员驾驶模式（SPO）下飞行员的脑力负荷水平,设计并实施模拟单人驾驶情境中的非正常任务场景处置实验。首先,基于准5级模拟驾驶舱,设计飞行任务场景;其次,招募20名航线飞行员被试,开展模拟飞行实验,记录被试的生理数据心率变异性指标及眼动数据;最后,结合客观生理数据以及主观量表进行脑力负荷分析,记录单发失效故障处置时间并进行任务绩效分析。研究结果表明:与双人制机组相比,单人驾驶情境中飞行员的脑力负荷增幅并不显著,处于可接受范围;单人制驾驶舱的任务设计及智能辅助系统使用对于降低飞行员工作负荷,提升飞行绩效至关重要。研究结果可为单一飞行员驾驶模式实施提供理论支持,并为未来单人制驾驶舱及机载自动化系统设计提供指标参考。     

努力创建地震预报的应用基础学科——兼论板内现今地壳运动动力学

分析地震预报已取得的成就和面临的困境,根据国内外各相关学科的新进展,作者认为创建地震预报的应用基础学科是当务之急。一种可能的选择是,在现今地球动力学、动力大地测量学(地壳形变学)、实时大地构造学及系统科学、非线性动力学等前沿学科的交叉部位上,逐步建立板内现今地壳运动动力学(或板内现今构造微动态动力学、或板内地壳形变系统动力学)。它既是地震、火山、滑坡、泥石流等灾害预测的应用基础,又是立脚于中国的全球变化研究。对它的意义、研究对象、内容与方法作了探讨,最后提出了一批建议着手开展的应用基础研究课题。