爆炸的破坏作用与伤害分区

讨论冲击波的各种破坏准则，即超压准则、冲量准则和超压～冲量准则；提出故爆炸伤害／破坏分区的概念，叙述了伤害／破坏区域划分的具体方法并进行了数值模拟计算。最后，还对中文有些问题作了简要说明。     

环境污染损害赔偿行政处理程序探讨

论述了建立环境污染损害赔偿行政处理程序的必要性和紧迫性,并相应地提出了一个处理程序,其中包括报告污染、受理、现场调查监测、明确污染责任、核实损失、调解和仲裁等七个步骤。     

Precision And Accuracy Of Pest And Pathogen Damage Assessment In Young Eucalypt Plantations

Fungal pathogens, browsing mammals, birds, insects, nutrient deficiencies, drought, frost and waterlogging are all damaging agents to plantation species. The subsequent loss in leaf tissue or reduced photosynthetic potential can reduce growth and potentially lead to tree death. The Crown Damage Index (CDI) was developed in Australia to quantify damage in young eucalypt plantations. The accuracy and precision of assessing damage at a tree level were determined to ensure the reliability, objectivity and repeatability of the CDI method. Nine assessors, with varying levels of experience, estimated damage on three plots of fifty trees each, to obtain an understanding of the subjectivity of assessing damage caused by insects (e.g. Chrysophtharta spp.) and fungal pathogens (e.g. Mycosphaerella spp.) on Eucalyptus globulus. Damage levels were measured by destructive sampling to enable direct comparisons between estimates and damage levels to be made. The most experienced assessors provided the most repeatable estimates and were generally the most accurate. The incidence of foliar necrosis was the least subjective measure while defoliation was the most subjective and the least accurate of the indices measured. All assessors, regardless of experience, were able to predict the Crown Damage Index (a combined index of all damage classes) to within 12% of measured damage levels.     

岩石冻融损伤机理研究进展及展望∗

岩石冻融损伤机理的研究对寒区公路、铁路等工程建设具有重要意义。通过文献调研发现,岩石冻融损伤机理研究主要包括岩石冻融损伤的影响因素、冻融损伤的劣化模式、冻融岩石的细观结构和力学性质这 4 方面的内容。对以上 4 方面的国内外研究现状进行综述,总结归纳出岩石的冻融损伤机理,并提出了当前研究的难点与不足。最后依据岩石冻融损伤机理研究的难点与不足,提出未来的研究工作可以从以下几方面开展：开展冻融循环周期对岩石损伤影响的试验研究;探究裂隙或节理的初始饱和度对岩石冻融损伤的影响规律;建立冻融作用下岩石未冻水含量的计算模型及岩石的多相多场耦合模型;进行多因素综合作用和不同应力环境下冻融岩石力学性质的试验研究,重点研究岩石动力学特性的变化规律及动态本构模型的建立。     

Transmission Functions and its application to the analysis of time uncertainties in Protection Engineering

In this paper we explore the concept of transmission Functions and its application to the resolution of the problem posed by the uncertainty in the time to take manual protective actions due for instance to different operator abilities. This time uncertainty is a very special kind of uncertainty with obvious relevance in Protection Engineering problems. Tackling it involves a large amount of simulations of transients associated to sequences of system transitions, resulting from those actions, where the only difference from one simulation to another is the time interval between transitions, the evolution laws being always the same. In order to solve such type of problems, a new formalism is proposed based on the concept of transmission Function. We prove that for a large class of Multiple Input–Multiple Output (MIMO) piecewise linear systems, the output may be obtained as additive contributions of each interval of the sequence, each one characterized via a Transmission Function. We then provide efficient methods to compute Transmission Functions of sequences of canonical Single Input-Single Output (SISO) piecewise systems, and to find the locus of protective action times that lead to damage (damage domain).     

经济手段对环境保护的作用

经济手段对环境保护的作用王奇,李庆伦（沈阳市环境保护投资公司沈阳１１０００３）（东北大学表面所）ＩＭＰＲＯＶＩＮＧＴＨＥＴＲＥＡＴＭＥＮＴＥＦＦＣＴＯＦＷＡＳＴＥＷＡＴＥＲＣＯＮＴＡＩＮＩＮＧＬＥＡＤＡＮＤＡＣＩＤＢＹＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣＭＡＮＡＧＥ...     

A framework addressing a safe ageing management in complex industrial sites: The Italian experience in «Seveso» establishments

In Europe, the Directive 2012/18/EU (Seveso III) strengthens the obligation to adopt a program assuring the integrity of critical equipment at major hazard establishments, by taking into account actual deterioration mechanisms (internal and external corrosion, erosion, thermal and mechanical fatigue, etc.). The program must cover all phases of the lifecycle and ensure a safe ageing of equipment, particularly when these are reaching the final stage of life. The effectiveness of the integrity program must be carefully assessed during the audits planned by the establishment's operator as well as by inspectors on behalf of the Competent Authorities. The adoption of a Risk Based Inspection scheme provides a valuable help to face this matter. The operator is, anyway, required a considerable effort to face at least three issues related to: (i) the understanding of concurring physical and chemical phenomena; (ii) the management of information associated with each individual component and its history, (iii) the appropriate measurement, including acquisition and management of data. There is a considerable difficulty in understanding these issues during Seveso inspections and external audits, because time and resources are often limited. For this reason, models and methods supporting the definition of the ageing status and trend in industrial sites are needed. This paper analyses the main factors affecting ageing. A framework for “ageing” assessment in complex industrial sites, including “Seveso” establishments, is proposed; then, its validation, by means of data collected during a testing phase carried out in Italy, is also given.     

聚乙烯燃气管道的全面检验

由于聚乙烯管道材质的特殊性,其损伤机理和失效模式与钢质管道有很大的不同,寻找一种有效的埋地PE管道检验方法是大家关心的问题。本文通过聚乙烯燃气管道全面检验的实践,在常规检验项目的基础上,介绍了新的资料审查方法和开挖割样的原则,提出了通过割样检验来评估埋地PE管道材质性能变化情况及原始焊口安装质量的观点;最后,针对最不利条件下的组合载荷,介绍了管壁截面稳定性校核的方法。这些方法及建议,对同行有一定的参考和借鉴意义。     

Environmental Policy in Russia: Economic,Legal, and Organizational Issues

/ Despite the suspension and closing down of many pollutingindustrial facilities and corresponding expectations of positive change inthat field, it is argued that the environmental situation in Russia in thefirst half of the 1990s has not improved. To corroborate this point, thelatest available data are presented and the deep roots and complexities ofthe current socioeconomic and political situation in the country areanalyzed. Using analogies and "component accounting" approaches,the original economic assessments of environmental damage in the recent pastand current period in Russia are offered for comparison with similar datafrom a selection of developed countries. A model of a new environmentalstrategy and policy is developed and its economic, legal, and organizationaldimensions are examined.KEY WORDS: Damage; Environmental costs; Policy; Pollution; Publicparticipation; Risk; Strategy