一种计算中小地震地震矩的简易方法

从Ｂ．Ａ．Ｂｏｌｔ博士得到一个关系式出发，采用一种新的量值转换方法，能够较方便地求得各中小地震的地震矩；并且利用江苏地区的ＤＤ－１地震仪的模拟记录资料，得到了江苏及其邻近地区１．０≤ＭＬ≤４．０的中小地震的地震矩Ｍ０（单位为１０－７Ｎｍ）与震级ＭＬ的统计关系式：ｌｏｇＭ０＝（１．７６±０．１１）ＭＬ＋（１５．５９±０．２８）。     

电化学法测定粮食中铜的含量

在0.02mo1/L的六次甲基四胺(C6H12N4)缓冲液(pH 5.5)中,铜(Ⅱ)—6-苄基氨基嘌呤(6-BA)在KNO3存在下,于-0.50V左右(vs,SCE)产生一个尖锐、灵敏的二次导数极谱波,峰电流与铜(Ⅱ)浓度在1.0×10-5~3.0×10-7mol.L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限为1×10-7mol.L-1。该方法用于粮食中铜的测定,结果满意。     

Landscape consequences of aggregation rules for functional equivalence in compensatory mitigation programs

Mitigation and offset programs designed to compensate for ecosystem function losses due to development must balance losses from affected ecosystems with gains in restored ecosystems. Aggregation rules applied to ecosystem functions to assess site equivalence are based on implicit assumptions about the substitutability of functions among sites and can profoundly influence the distribution of restored ecosystem functions on the landscape. We investigated the consequences of rules applied to the aggregation of ecosystem functions for wetland offsets in the Beaverhill watershed in Alberta, Canada. We considered the fate of 3 ecosystem functions: hydrology, water purification, and biodiversity. We set up an affect‐and‐offset algorithm to simulate the effect of aggregation rules on ecosystem function for wetland offsets. Cobenefits and trade‐offs among functions and the constraints posed by the quantity and quality of restorable sites resulted in a redistribution of functions between affected and offset wetlands. Hydrology and water purification functions were positively correlated with one another and negatively correlated with biodiversity function. Weighted‐average rules did not replace functions in proportion to their weights. Rules prioritizing biodiversity function led to more monofunctional wetlands and landscapes. The minimum rule, for which the wetland score was equal to the worst performing function, promoted multifunctional wetlands and landscapes. The maximum rule, for which the wetland score was equal to the best performing function, promoted monofunctional wetlands and multifunctional landscapes. Because of implicit trade‐offs among ecosystem functions, no‐net‐loss objectives for multiple functions should be constructed within a landscape context. Based on our results, we suggest criteria for the design of aggregation rules for no net loss of ecosystem functions within a landscape context include the concepts of substitutability, cobenefits and trade‐offs, landscape constraints, heterogeneity, and the precautionary principle.     

When and how to use Q methodology to understand perspectives in conservation research

Understanding human perspectives is critical in a range of conservation contexts, for example, in overcoming conflicts or developing projects that are acceptable to relevant stakeholders. The Q methodology is a unique semiquantitative technique used to explore human perspectives. It has been applied for decades in other disciplines and recently gained traction in conservation. This paper helps researchers assess when Q is useful for a given conservation question and what its use involves. To do so, we explained the steps necessary to conduct a Q study, from the research design to the interpretation of results. We provided recommendations to minimize biases in conducting a Q study, which can affect mostly when designing the study and collecting the data. We conducted a structured literature review of 52 studies to examine in what empirical conservation contexts Q has been used. Most studies were subnational or national cases, but some also address multinational or global questions. We found that Q has been applied to 4 broad types of conservation goals: addressing conflict, devising management alternatives, understanding policy acceptability, and critically reflecting on the values that implicitly influence research and practice. Through these applications, researchers found hidden views, understood opinions in depth and discovered points of consensus that facilitated unlocking difficult disagreements. The Q methodology has a clear procedure but is also flexible, allowing researchers explore long‐term views, or views about items other than statements, such as landscape images. We also found some inconsistencies in applying and, mainly, in reporting Q studies, whereby it was not possible to fully understand how the research was conducted or why some atypical research decisions had been taken in some studies. Accordingly, we suggest a reporting checklist.     

Estimating abundance without recaptures of marked pallid sturgeon in the Mississippi River

Abundance estimates are essential for assessing the viability of populations and the risks posed by alternative management actions. An effort to estimate abundance via a repeated mark‐recapture experiment may fail to recapture marked individuals. We devised a method for obtaining lower bounds on abundance in the absence of recaptures for both panmictic and spatially structured populations. The method assumes few enough recaptures were expected to be missed by random chance. The upper Bayesian credible limit on expected recaptures allows probabilistic statements about the minimum number of individuals present in the population. We applied this method to data from a 12‐year survey of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the lower and middle Mississippi River (U.S.A.). None of the 241 individuals marked was recaptured in the survey. After accounting for survival and movement, our model‐averaged estimate of the total abundance of pallid sturgeon ≥3 years old in the study area had a 1%, 5%, or 25% chance of being <4,600, 7,000, or 15,000, respectively. When we assumed fish were distributed in proportion to survey catch per unit effort, the farthest downstream reach in the survey hosted at least 4.5–15 fish per river kilometer (rkm), whereas the remainder of the reaches in the lower and middle Mississippi River hosted at least 2.6–8.5 fish/rkm for all model variations examined. The lower Mississippi River had an average density of pallid sturgeon ≥3 years old of at least 3.0–9.8 fish/rkm. The choice of Bayesian prior was the largest source of uncertainty we considered but did not alter the order of magnitude of lower bounds. Nil‐recapture estimates of abundance are highly uncertain and require careful communication but can deliver insights from experiments that might otherwise be considered a failure.     

基于格网GIS的重点生态功能区生态系统敏感性研究:以贵州省雷山县为例

为了科学地诊断出存在的环境问题,实现对生态环境的保护,以重点生态功能区雷山县为例,结合地形、地貌与气候等数据,以格网为评价单元,构建生态系统敏感性评价指标体系。采用层次分析法、区域综合法及格网GIS技术,对评价体系中各指标进行10 m×10 m尺度下的格网化表达,运用栅格数据的空间叠加方法及生态系统敏感性评价模型,综合评价雷山县生态系统敏感性空间格局。结果表明:雷山县生态系统敏感性较高,其中非敏感区和轻度敏感区面积较小,仅占总面积的5%和13.4%;其次是中度敏感区和极度敏感区,分别占总面积的26.3%和17%;高度敏感区面积最大,占总面积的38.3%。     

固载化瓜环的制备及其对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶的吸附性能研究

在微波无极灯下将烯氧基瓜环固载到巯基硅胶(MSG)上,制得固载化瓜环(ACB[6]-SG).通过红外光谱表征固载产物,并研究固载化瓜环对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)的吸附性能.结果表明,SMM在固载化瓜环上的吸附基本在2 min内即可达到平衡;Henry方程和Freundlich方程均能较好地拟合SMM在固载化瓜环和巯基硅胶上的等温吸附曲线,但是SMM在固载化瓜环上的吸附主要是在瓜环中的分配,而SMM在巯基硅胶上的吸附则主要是多分子层的表面吸附作用;SMM在固载化瓜环上的平衡吸附量远大于在巯基硅胶上的平衡吸附量;SMM在两者上的吸附过程是一个放热过程,温度越低吸附效果越好.     

山区和平原连接处SF6试验及扩散规律研究

为更好了解污染物在复杂地形条件下的湍流扩散规律,2010年9月开展了一系列SF6示踪扩散试验,获取了SF6浓度数据,以此实验数据为基础,计算出SF6浓度分布在水平和垂直方向的扩散标准差、地面峰值浓度等参数,并与P-T-C扩散参数进行对比,总结得出了污染物在山区和平原连接处中性、稳定、强稳定等气象条件下湍流扩散规律。     

大窑湾海域虾夷扇贝体内麻痹性贝毒的周年变化

麻痹性贝毒是对人体健康构成严重危害的甲藻类毒素。2007～2008年,大窑湾虾夷扇贝体内麻痹性贝毒2周年的调查发现,其含量与组分有着明显的季节变化,4-7月份麻痹性贝毒含量较高,4月份最高,平均含量可达378.32μg STXeq/100 g,有C1、C2、GTX1、GTX2、GTX3、GTX5、dcGTX2、dcGTX3、neoSTX、STX等10种毒素组分。大窑湾虾夷扇贝体内麻痹行贝毒组分显著增多,含量明显增高。     

利用FLEXPART模式反演中国区域SF6排放量

六氟化硫(SF_6)是一种长寿命卤代温室气体,被列为《京都议定书》限排物种.随着经济高速发展,中国的SF6排放量受到世界各国的关注.采用传统的"自下而上"清单方法估算SF6排放量时,所需排放因子、活动水平数据的准确性和时效性存在较大局限.因此,本文利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模式FLEXPART,结合2009年北京上甸子区域大气本底站SF6浓度观测资料,尝试建立中国区域SF6排放量的反演方法.结果表明,初步反演的2009年中国区域SF6排放量为1.25×103(0.53×103~1.97×103)t·a-1,与文献结果相当,源排放量的不确定性从1.05×103t·a-1减小到0.72×103t·a-1.与先验源相比,反演源的相关系数从0.37提高到0.43,均方根误差减小了2.64%.