中国生态环境质量优劣度评价

文章提出了生态环境质量评价的指标体系,给出了生态环境质量优劣度评价的分级标准和优劣度指数计算方法,并对全国及内蒙古自治区的生态环境质量进行了优劣度评价。     

Modelling future copper ore grade decline based on a detailed assessment of copper resources and mining

The concept of “peak oil” has been explored and debated extensively within the literature. However there has been comparatively little research examining the concept of “peak minerals”, particularly in-depth analyses for individual metals. This paper presents scenarios for mined copper production based upon a detailed assessment of global copper resources and historic mine production. Scenarios for production from major copper deposit types and from individual countries or regions were developed using the Geologic Resources Supply-Demand Model (GeRS-DeMo). These scenarios were extended using cumulative grade-tonnage data, derived from our resource database, to produce estimates of potential rates of copper ore grade decline.The scenarios indicate that there are sufficient identified copper resources to grow mined copper production for at least the next twenty years. The future rate of ore grade decline may be less than has historically been the case, as mined grades are approaching the average resource grade and there is still significant copper endowment in high grade ore bodies. Despite increasing demand for copper as the developing world experiences economic growth, the economic and environmental impacts associated with increased production rates and declining ore grades (particularly those relating to energy consumption, water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions) will present barriers to the continued expansion of the industry. For these reasons peak mined copper production may well be realised during this century.     

成都气象要素等级对大气污染的改善作用研究

为找到对成都空气质量有改善作用的气象要素等级，量化成都气象条件对大气污染物的影响，对2015—2018年成都环境监测站空气质量监测数据和温江国家气候观象台同时段的气象观测资料进行了研究分析。结果表明：(1)成都中部地区的空气质量污染较为严重，全年主要以PM_2.5和O₃污染为主，占比达75%,2015—2018年成都的PM_2.5污染呈下降趋势，而O₃污染虽有所波动但没有显著改善。(2)PM_2.5持续重污染过程中，过去12 h降水量和过去24 h降水量均大于1 mm,均为有效降水，大于2.5 mm对PM_2.5污染的改善作用显著增强；相对湿度低于70%对中度及以上PM_2.5污染的改善作用同步增加，低于40%对轻度PM_2.5污染的改善作用较为明显，优良天气的发生概率显著增加；风速大于1 m/s时PM_2.5浓度随风速的增大而减小，大于2 m/s对PM_2.5浓度的改善作用显著加强。...     

Sudden-onset disaster resilience considering functionality improvement planning: An upstream oil and gas company

The present paper presents a quantitative approach to evaluate organizational resilience in sudden-onset disasters considering preparedness actions (PAs). The resilience triangle concept is extended and gradual improvement of the level of functionality (LF) strategy is examined as PAs. Robustness and rapidity measures are considered as loss of LF and recovery time to indicate the overall disaster resilience. Besides, the resourcefulness and redundancy measures are considered pre-determined response plans and PAs aimed to improve disaster resilience. Two mathematical models are developed by applying these measures. Thereafter, graphical analytics are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of PAs and provide a better outlook for decision-makers. Then, mathematical analyses are conducted to show how the PAs affect resilience measures. It is mathematically proved that PAs exert considerable impacts on recovery time, loss of LF, and robustness. To illustrate the application of the proposed approach, it is applied to an upstream oil and gas company in the field of exploration and production. The results suggest that the approach is significantly effective in disaster response, planning, and mitigation.