含雄黄的中成药中砷的生物可给性及其初步风险评价

为研究含雄黄中成药中砷的含量状况,探明其中砷对人体的健康风险,选取含雄黄的中成药为研究对象,分析其中砷含量;通过人工胃肠体外模拟系统研究中成药中砷的生物可给性,并在此基础上进行初步的人体健康风险评价。结果显示,含雄黄中成药样品中砷全量为9.9×102～8.8×104mg·kg-1。中成药砷的生物可给性在胃阶段为0.20%～2.17%,小肠阶段为0.26%～2.43%。以WHO每日允许摄入量(ADI)为标准的健康风险评价结果表明,若以砷全量衡量,所有含雄黄中成药均对人体健康具有巨大风险;若以小肠阶段可给砷含量评价,砷日摄入量与ADI比值范围为1.48%～879.68%,约70%含雄黄的中成药的可给砷含量仍足以威胁人体健康。     

The potential for combining indigenous and western knowledge in reducing vulnerability to environmental hazards in small island developing states

The benefits of indigenous knowledge within disaster risk reduction are gradually being acknowledged and identified. However, despite this acknowledgement there continues to be a gap in reaching the right people with the correct strategies for disaster risk reduction.

This paper identifies the need for a specific framework identifying how indigenous and western knowledge may be combined to mitigate against the intrinsic effects of environmental processes and therefore reduce the vulnerability of rural indigenous communities in small island developing states (SIDS) to environmental hazards. This involves a review of the impacts of environmental processes and their intrinsic effects upon rural indigenous communities in SIDS and how indigenous knowledge has contributed to their coping capacity. The paper concludes that the vulnerability of indigenous communities in SIDS to environmental hazards can only be addressed through the utilisation of both indigenous and Western knowledge in a culturally compatible and sustainable manner.     

DC反应器处理中药废水过程中出水的光谱分析

采用三维荧光(EEM)与傅立叶红外(FTIR)光谱技术,对不同运行条件下,新型双循环(DC)厌氧反应器处理中药废水的出水情况进行了分析,以期为厌氧反应器的有效监控提供新思路.结果表明,在HRT为24h时,COD去除率为94%左右,平均产气率达到0.37m3CH4/kgCOD,出水的EEM光谱中,Ex/Em=420/470nm处出现了明显的辅酶F420吸收峰;而HRT减少为12h后,虽然COD去除率仍达到90%左右,但出水EEM光谱中,辅酶F420的吸收峰有所降低,并出现了类富里酸的吸收峰,表明不宜再继续减少HRT.当温度由30oC降低为20oC时,温度的变化影响了厌氧污泥的性状,使得出水的FTIR光谱中3400cm-1处的吸收峰由原来的钝峰变为尖峰.而在进水中添加大黄酸后,造成了反应器内有机酸的累积,产甲烷菌活性受到严重影响,出水的EEM光谱中,腐殖酸与类富里酸的吸收峰显著增强.     

Understanding the causes of vulnerabilities for enhancing social-physical resilience: lessons from the Wenchuan earthquake

ABSTRACT

In an effort to understand the social-physical vulnerabilities from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, this research established and validated a conceptual model for natural disaster analysis. The earthquake severely impacted the built environment, with many buildings being destroyed in the earthquake and from secondary impacts. This vulnerable environment exacerbated the poverty in the local residents because of the lack of flat land and the inaccessibility of the mountainous areas. Therefore, there was an interactive relationship between the built environment vulnerability and the social vulnerability. Due to general poverty and low education levels, social vulnerability in rural areas is often the result of poor quality building construction; in the event of an earthquake, therefore, most economic losses and casualties are the result of building destruction. To enhance social-physical resilience, measures should be adopted to mitigate the vulnerability of the built environment and society through actions such as land use planning, the use of seismic-resistant technologies, and investment in infrastructure, education, industrial development, and environmental protection. This research extracts the reasons for the vulnerabilities through an examination of the interactions between the natural environment, the built environment, and the local society. The insights gained have significant theoretical and practical implications in assisting vulnerable communities resist and adapt to natural hazards to achieve sustainable development.     

川滇黔地区突发性自然灾害的系统分析

本文从灾害链的角度闸述了该区的灾害类型及活动模式。在系统分析灾害对社会经济的影响后,得出因灾造成的损失,其比重是很大的。本区灾害具有强度大、突发性强、分布广、区域性强,以及同步迭加交替出现和周期性特点。在此基础上对灾害发展趋势作了预测,提出了相应的防治对策。     

Medical aspects of volcanic disasters: An outline of the hazards and emergency response measures

The health and safety hazards posed by volcanic eruptions are outlined with special reference to experience gained from the eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 1980. The ability of volcanologists to predict the timing and the impact on local communities of an impending eruption are limited, some recent devastating eruptions having occurred without apparent warning. With the expansion of world populations into hazardous volcanic areas there is a growing need to develop appropriate emergency response measures. This paper describes the main preventive public and occupational health measures that are now a necessary part in dealing with volcanic emergencies.     

关于城市公共安全可持续发展理论的初步研究

针对城市公共安全的复杂性与动态性 ,创造性地将可持续发展理论应用到城市公共安全研究中 ,概述城市公共安全可持续发展系统的基本组成 ,结合实际进行系统的结构特征分析 ;运用可靠度理论 ,探讨了系统可持续发展指标的量化及其模型建立 ;以Logistic修正模型为例 ,提出了系统评价预测研究的方法论 ,共同构建城市公共安全可持续发展理论的基本框架。为城市公共安全的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

发展新兴交叉学科—城市灾害学

城市灾害学是一门随着工业化发展而逐步产生的一门新学科。本文在分析城市灾害学的研究基础及进展的同时，探讨了城市灾害学的理论框架及分支学科。     

保险,减灾与发展之关联及对策

通过对保险公司经营方式的分析，阐述了近年来自然灾害大幅度止升对保险业稳定发展的影响以及保险公司在减灾防灾中拥有的信息，人员，管理以及工作方式等方面的优势，并对保险公司与社各界的合作领域及内容提出了自己的见解。     

陕西省林火灾害及预防对策

应用陕西省5大林区9a火灾个例及相关资料，分析得出陕西省林火的时空分布规律，火源特点，林火造成的灾害，林火发生发展的影响因子，并提出了相应的森林防火对策。